Hardware

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Cards (129)

  • 5 Generations of Computer
    1. First Generation (1940s-1950s)
    2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)
    3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)
    4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s)
    5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present)
  • First Generation: Vacuum tubes were used as the primary electronic component
  • First Generation: Very large and unreliable, with limited computational capabilities
  • First Generation: Examples are ENIAC and UNIVAC
  • ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
  • UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer
  • As a product of World War II, ENIAC was designed and built for the United States Army to calculate artillery firing tables
  • The UNIVAC I was designed as a commercial data-processing computer, intended to replace the punched-card accounting machines of the day
  • Second Generation: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller and more reliable
  • Second Generation: Assembly language and punch cards were used for programming
  • Second Generation: Examples are IBM 1401 and IBM 7090
  • Third Generation: Integrated circuits (ICs) were introduced, leading to significant miniaturization and improved performance
  • Third Generation: High-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN became popular
  • Third Generation: Examples are IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-11
  • Fourth Generation: Microprocessors allowed for the creation of personal computers
  • Fourth Generation: Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and Operating Systems were developed
  • Fourth Generation: Examples are Apple II, IBM PC, and Commodore 64
  • Fifth Generation: Characterized by the use of parallel processing, artificial intelligence, and advanced programming languages
  • Fifth Generation: Focus on natural language processing, expert systems, and machine learning
  • Fifth Generation: Examples are Modern PCs, Smartphones, and Supercomputers like IBM Watson.
  • The word "computer" originates from the Latin word "computare," which means "to calculate" or "to reckon."
  • Computer refers to an electronic device that can process and manipulate data using a predefined set of instructions or programs. 
  • Computers have the ability to perform various tasks, including calculations, data storage, communication, and running software applications.
  • A computer takes in information as input, processes the data, and gives new information as the output.
  • Computers are versatile tools that serve various purposes:
    1. Data Processing
    2. Communication
    3. Information Storage
    4. Automation
    5. Entertainment
    6. Education
    7. Business and Finance
    8. Scientific Research
    9. Healthcare
    10. Design and Creativity
    11. Navigation
    12. Security
    13. Weather Forecasting
    14. Astronomy
    15. Transportation
  • Computer input devices are hardware components that allow users to input data, commands, and instructions into a computer system.
  • Input devices serve as a bridge between the user and the computer, enabling communication and interaction
  • The keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer.
  • The layout of the keyboard is like that of a traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
  • Typing Keys: These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.
  • Numeric Keys: are used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement
  • Numeric Keys: Generally, consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators
  • Function Keys: The twelve keys which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard.
  • Control Keys: These keys provide cursor and screen control
  • Control Keys: includes four directional arrow keys
  • Control Keys: include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc)
  • Special Purpose Keys: include Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
  • The mouse is the most popular pointing device.
  • Mouse is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
  • Mouse: it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons.