Chap1

• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analyzed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• Early definitions of health focused on the body's ability to function and a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity

  
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)
• René Dubos stated that health is primarily a measure of each person's ability to do and become what they want to become
• Health is a relative state in which one is able to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually to express their unique potentialities within their environment
• A health model is a conceptual framework or way of thinking about health, including models like the Biomedical Model of Health, the Social Model of Health, and the Mandala of Health
• The Biomedical Model of Health is a Western medical model focusing on the physical body's response to disease, criticized for being too reductionist and not considering psychological and social factors

  
• The Social Model of Health is a sociological theory emphasizing the influence of social, economic, and environmental factors on health outcomes

  
• The Social Model of Health focuses on policies, education, and health promotion, going beyond lifestyles and behaviors to address social change for health prerequisites
• Advantages of the Biomedical Model include advances in technology, effective treatment of common problems, extended life expectancy, and improved quality of life
• Disadvantages of the Biomedical Model include being costly, having a narrow view of health, focusing on conditions rather than determinants, not treating every condition, and not always being affordable
• Advantages of the Social Model include education, government support/strategies, cost-effectiveness in disease prevention, healthier lifestyles, involvement of government and non-government organizations, and increased economic development
• Disadvantages of the Social Model include lack of education for the whole population, lack of motivation in the population, difficulty in lifestyle changes, prevention limitations, delayed results, and challenges in measuring effectiveness
• The Mandala of Health is a bio-psycho-socio-environmental model incorporating natural and social sciences, the individual, family, community, and society in a holistic ecosystem
• The Health Continuum describes a balanced life leading to high wellness and total health
• Six components of health include physical health, mental health, emotional health, social health, spiritual health, and environmental health
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analysed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• The Biomedical Model of Health is a Western medical model focusing on the physical body's response to disease, criticized for being reductionist and neglecting psychological and social factors

  
• Six Components of Health:

  • Physical health: body functions and disease-free
  • Emotional health: expressing emotions positively
  • Social health: quality of relationships
  • Mental health: coping with daily life demands
  • Environmental health: keeping surroundings clean
  • Spiritual health: harmonious relationships and living by ethics and values
• Factors influencing health include hereditary, social, cultural, environmental influences, attitude, behavior, media, and technology
• Health risk factors:

  • All health problems have risk factors
  • Risk factors increase likelihood of disease, injury, or health problems
  • Divided into controllable and uncontrollable factors like age, race, gender, heredity
• Health risk behaviors include sedentary lifestyle, alcohol/drug use, sexual activity, behaviors causing injury, tobacco use, and poor eating habits
• Health promotion theories:

  • Behavioral Change Theories focus on predictors and precursors of health behavior, emphasizing self-efficacy and motivation
  • Intervention-based Models include health policy, education, and individual interventions
  • Ecological Theories view health as an interaction between the person and their ecosystem or social web
• Wellness and prevention:

  • Key to wellness is prevention through health and safety habits
  • Examples: wearing safety belts, applying sunscreen, avoiding unsafe areas, proper hand washing
• Health education provides accurate health information to help people make healthy choices, aiming to give tools for long, energetic, and productive lives
• The Health Triangle:

  • Three interconnected elements: physical, mental/emotional, and social, like the sides of a triangle
• Abstinence from risk behaviors involves avoiding harmful behaviors like tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and sexual activity before marriage
• Building self-esteem involves valuing, respecting, and feeling confident about oneself, leading to benefits like increased respect and ability to reach goals
• Hierarchy of Needs