ANAPHY: CHAP 1

• ANATOMY

  The scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
• Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

  the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
• Regional anatomy

  all the body structures (muscles, bones, blood

  vessels, nerves, etc.) in a given body region, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.
• Systemic anatomy


  body is studied system by system.
• Surface anatomy

  internal body structures as they relate to the

  overlying skin.
• Microscopic anatomy


  the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
• Cytology

  • study of individual cells
• Histology


  study of tissues
• Developmental anatomy

  the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime.
• Embryology

  • concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
• Pathological anatomy

  study of structural changes associated with disease.
• Radiographic anatomy

  study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques (X-rays or special scanning devices).
• Molecular anatomy


  study of biological molecules.
• PHYSIOLOGY

  study of the function of body parts.
• PHYSIOLOGY


  how all the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
• Renal physiology

  concerns kidney function and urine production 
• Neurophysiology


  explains the workings of the nervous system
• Cardiovascular physiology

  examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
• Atoms

  • tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.
• Molecules 


  combine in specific ways to form organelles, which are the basic unit of living cells.
• Cells 


  are the smallest units of living things.All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body.
•  Cellular level

  smallest unit of life, and varies widely in size and shape according to the cell’s function.
• Chemical level


  the simplest level of organization
• Tissue level


  groups of similar cells having a common function.
• Epithelium


  covers the body surface and lines its cavities.
• Muscle

  provides movement.
• Connective


  supports and protects body organs.
• Nervous


  provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
• Nutrients


  consumed chemical substances that are used for energy and cell building.
• Oxygen


  required by the chemical reactions that release energy from foods.
• Water


  the most abundant chemical substance in the body, provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid for secretions and excretions.
• Normal body temperature


  required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate.
• Atmospheric pressure


  must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
•  Integumentary System


  allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments, or separate internal chemical environments
• Skeletal System


  allows the organism to travel through the environment, and allows transport of molecules within the organism.
•  Muscular System


  or irritability, is the ability to detect changes

  in the internal or external environment and respond to them.
•  Nervous System


  responsiveness to external and internal environments by activating muscles and glands.
• Endocrine System


  regulating body functions such as growth,

  reproduction, and nutrition
• Cardiovascular System


  transportation of nutrients, waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body
• Lymphatic System/Immunity


  body defenses