2.1

Cards (40)

  • Plasma membrane
    Outer membrane that surrounds the entire content of cell
    • Made of proteins and phospholipids
    Thin and elastic film
    Partially permeable
  • Plasma membrane (functions)

    • Separates content of cell from the external environment
    • Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
    • Allows exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and waste materials between cells and their surroundings
  • Mitochondrion
    Plural: Mitochondria
  • Mitochondrion
    • It is rod-shaped or spherical
    • It consists of two layers of membranes, which are the smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane
    • Contains enzymes that play a role in cellular respiration
  • Mitochondrion (functions)

    • A site that generates energy through the glucose oxidation process during cellular respiration
    Energy released in the form of ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate) to be used by the cells
  • Centriole
    Small cylindrical components that exist in pairs in animal cells
    • Made up of complex arrangement of microtubules
    Does not exist in plant cells
  • Centriole (function)

    Forms spindle fibre during cell division in animal cells
  • Golgi apparatus
    • Consists of a stack of parallel flattened sacs that are coated by a single cell membrane
    New membrane is added at one end of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles bud off from the other end.
  • Golgi apparatus
    Modifies, transports, sort and package the proteins and carbohydrates
  • Lysosome
    • Small spherical sac enclosed in a single membrane
    • Contains hydrolytic enzymes
  • Lysosome (functions)

    Hydrolyses complex organic molecules such as protein, nucleic
    acid and lipid
    Breaks down bacteria and components of damaged cells
  • Mitochondrion
  • Centriole
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Plasma membrane
    A) outer environment
    B) plasma membrane
    C) cytoplasm
  • Lysosome
    A) Lysosome
  • Nucleus
    Plural: Nuclei
  • Nucleus
    Largest component in the cell
    Spherical, compressed and enclosed in a nuclear membrane with many pores
    • The nucleus contains chromosomes, nucleolus and nucleoplasm.
  • Nucleus (function)

    Controls all cell activities
    • Has chromosomes that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA determines the cell characteristics and metabolic function.
  • Nucleus
    A) Nuclear membrane
    B) Chromatin
    C) Nucleolus
    D) Nucleoplasm
  • Ribosome
    Small, compact and spherical granules
    • Consists of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
    • Ribosomes are present on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or exist freely in the cytoplasm.
  • Ribosome (function)

    Site for protein synthesis
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
    • Consists of a system of interconnected folded flattened sacs
    Endoplasmic reticulum membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane.
    • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to the surface
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (functions)

    • The transport system within the cell
    • Provides a wide surface for enzyme attachment and biochemical
    reactions
    • The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins synthesised by
    ribosomes.
    • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and transports
    glycerol and lipids, and carries out the detoxification of drugs and
    metabolic by-products.
  • Ribosome
    A) Ribosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
    A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    B) rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Vacuole
    Liquid-filled sac, which is the cell sap.
    • A vacuole is surrounded by the tonoplast membrane.
    Young plant cells have many small vacuoles while mature plant cells have a large vacuole.
    • The vacuole in animal cells is small.
    Cell sap contains water, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, enzymes, mineral salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products.
  • Vacuole (functions)

    • Water is absorbed into the vacuole plant cell and the cell becomes turgid.
    • In unicellular animals, the vacuole contracts during osmoregulation, osmosis and excretion.
  • Chloroplast
    Oval shaped
    • Consists of two layers of membrane
    • Contains chlorophyll pigments in the grana that give plants a green colour
  • Chloroplast (function)

    Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts it to chemical energy during photosynthesis.
  • Cytoplasm
    • Consists of a jelly-like medium that contains components of the suspended cells
    • Contains organic compounds (such as protein, lipid and carbohydrate) and inorganic compounds (such as potassium ions)
  • Cytoplasm (function)

    Acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells
  • Cytoplasm
    A) Cytoplasm
  • Cell wall
    • A strong and rigid outer layer
    • Made from cellulose fibre
    • Fully permeable
  • Cell wall (functions)

    • Maintains the shape of plant cells
    • Provides mechanical support to plant cells
  • Cell wall
    A) cytoplasm
    B) plasma membrane
    C) cell wall
  • Animal cell
    A) nucleus
    B) plasma membrane
    C) cytoplasm
  • Plant cell
    A) cell wall
    B) nucleus
    C) cytoplasm
    D) plasma membrane
    E) vacuole
  • Differences between plant cell and animal cell
    Has a fixed shape (doesn't have)
    Has a cell wall (doesn't have)
    Has chloroplasts (doesn't have)
    Has a large vacuole (doesn't have/it's small)
  • Differences between plant cell and animal cell
    • Stores carbohydrate in the form of starch (glycogen)
    • Does not have a centriole (Does have)