Pe paper 1

Cards (34)

  • Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension in body parts like the elbow, ankle, and knee
  • Ball and socket joints, found in the shoulder and hip, allow for a wide range of movements
  • a joint is where two bones meet
  • A tendon connects muscle to bone, while a ligament connects bone to bone
  • Mechanics of breathing:
    • Breathing in (exercise):
    • Inhaled air expands the rib cage
    • Pectoral muscles pull ribs out
    • Sternocleidomastoid muscles raise the rib cage to create space for expansion
    • Breathing out (exercise):
    • Ribs are pulled down due to the sternum
    • Air is pushed out faster
  • The skeletal system:
    • Flat bones: scapula, cranium, pelvis
    • Long bones: femur, humerus, tibia
    • Irregular bones: patella, vertebrae
    • Short bones: talus
  • skeletal system functions
    • Blood cell production
    • Movement at joints
    • Support for bones and vital organs
    • Protection for internal organs
    • Structure and points for attachment
    • Mineral storage to maintain bone strength
  • Main bones in the body:
    • 206 bones connected via ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
    • Examples include talus, cranium, vertebrae, scapula, humerus, sternum, ribs, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, and pelvis
  • The muscular system includes muscles like:
    • Shoulder: deltoid, rotator cuffs, latissimus dorsi, pectorals
    • Elbow: bicep, tricep
    • Hip: hip flexor, gluteals
    • Knee: quadriceps, hamstring
    • Ankle: gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
  • Movement analysis:
    • 1st class lever- heading a ball
    • Levers provide mechanical advantage in movements like kicking a ball
  • Movement analysis:
    • Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane
    • Abduction and adduction in the frontal plane
    • Rotation in the transverse plane
  • Movement analysis:
    • Agonist is the prime mover, antagonist relaxes to allow agonist movement
    • Eccentric - the muscle lengthens
  • Concentric-muscle shortens
  • Second class lever- press-up
  • Third class lever- forehand tennis shot
  • Load is always on top
  • Fulcrum is always below the line
  • Mechanical advantage= effort arm / load arm
  • Sagittal plane = transverse axis
    flexion and extension
  • frontal plane = Sagittal axis
    adduction and abduction
  • Transverse plane = longitudinal axis
    rotation
  • Isometric- muscle remains the same length
  • Isotonic- muscle changes length, causes movement
  • Training methods:
    static training - static stretching, isometric contraction
    anyone can do, reduces injury, can take time
  • Weight training- involve different weights, train muscles
    need correct technique
  • Circuit training- flexible form of training, different exercises
    can be made simple or complex
  • Max heart rate= 220-age
  • Vasodilation- blood vessel widens
  • Vasoconstriction- blood vessel narrows
  • Pathway of blood
    vena cava
    right atrium
    right ventricle
    pulmonary artery
    lungs-gaseous exchange
    pulmonary vein
    left atrium
    left ventricle
    aorta
    working muscles
  • EPOC
    Exercise post oxygen consumption
  • SPORT
    Specific
    Progressive
    Overload
    Reversibility
    Tedium
  • FITT
    Frequency
    Intensity
    Time
    Type
  • EPOC- post-exercise oxygen consumption, the amount of oxygen used by the body after exercise to remove lactic acid ad recover