bsci202 lab practical 1

    Cards (41)

    • where is the blood found?
      heart, blood vessels, capillaries, all throughout the body
    • what type of tissue is blood and what is it composed of? (also how much of your body weight is blood?)
      it is a connective tissue that is composed of plasma (55%), buffy coat (<1%), and erythrocytes (45%)
      • around 8% of body weight
    • plasma: 90% water and 10% solutes
      • composed of albumin, globulin, clotting proteins, nonprotein nitrogen substances, organic nutrients, electrolytes, regulatory substances, respiratory gases
    • albumin: maintains osmotic pressure and controls water balance between interstitial fluid and blood, serves as a transport protein, buffer for changes in pH
    • globulin:
      • alpha and beta: transport proteins for metal ions, cholesterol, complement proteins
      • apoproteins: transport cholesterol, forming lipoproteins
      • gamma (y) globulins: antibodies
    • clotting proteins: fibrogen, prothrombin, and other proteins used for coagulation
    • what are the formed elements?
      erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
    • erythrocytes: use hemoglobin to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body (most abundant)
    • leukocytes: have many different immune functions and can travel out of blood vessels into tissues by diapedesis
      • granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
      • agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
    • platelets: critical in blood clotting
      • originate from megakaryocytes and are cytoplasmic fragments
    • leukocytes in order from most to least abundant: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas)
    • anemia: low rbc count caused by lack of iron
    • aplastic anemia: bone marrow does not produce enough rbc's
    • iron-deficiency anemia: erythrocytes are smaller
    • hemolytic anemia: rbc's destroyed faster than made
    • sickle-cell anemia: abnormal hemoglobin --> sickle shaped cells
    • hemorrhagic anemia: caused by blood loss and is not detected by the hematocrit
    • what is a hematocrit?
      test done to find your rbc percentage in your body
    • how is a hematocrit performed and analyzed?
      • centrifuge a tube of blood
      • measure the total length of fluid and the RBC, WBC, and plasma
      • calculate percentage of each component of the blood
    • what is a buffy coat?
      contains leukocytes and platelets (<1%)
    • what factors can affect hematocrit values?
      leukocytosis, anemia, living in high altitude (higher hematocrit), dehydration (plasma % decreases)
    • what are all the lymphoid organs?
      red bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix
    • red bone marrow: lymphocyte production, b cells mature here
    • spleen: filters blood and destroys worn out blood cells
    • thymus: produces hormones to program lymphocytes
    • tonsils: trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials
    • peyer's patches: capture and destroy bacteria in intestine
    • appendix: reservoir for gut bacteria; may assist in b cell maturation
    • what is lymph?
      fluid carried by lymphatic vessels that is pumped in a one-way system to move it back to the heart and back into the blood(skeletal muscle pump)
    • b cells: replicates by binding to antibody to produce plasma and memory cells
    • plasma cells: produce antibodies
    • helper t cells: stimulates production of cytotoxic t cells and super activates b cells; also release cytokines
    • cytotoxic t cells: attack virus-invaded body cells and cancerous cells
    • regulatory t cells: slows or stops activity of b and t cells once infection is destroyed
    • memory cells: generated from initial immune response and allows body to respond faster during the second exposure
    • APC's (antigen presenting cells): macrophages, dendritic cells, b cells
      • engulfs antigen and displays fragments of it on its MHC I and MHC II on the surface of the cell
    • antibody: 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy, 2 light) and two functional areas (variable and constant)
    • variable region of antibody: gives specificity to antigen-binding site
    • constant region of antibody: same within the same class of antibodies
    • antibodies inactivate things by: neutralization, agglutination, precipitation which enhances phagocytosis
    See similar decks