chapter 5

• How many fatty acids are in a phospholipid?

  2
• What functional feature(s) does the phosphate group contribute to the structure of a phospholipid?

  a place to attach another small charged molecule

  negative charge to interact with water
• What holds together phospholipids in a bilayer formation?

  the hydrophilic heads interact with water and the hydrophobic tails are pushed away from the water smushing it all together
• Which molecule is less soluble in water a fat or a phospholipid?

   A fat molecule is less soluble in water because it has three non-polar fatty acids and no polar or charged head like a phospholipid has.
• What characteristics define a nucleotide phosphate group?

  contains one atom of phosphorus and four atoms of oxygen, in dna and rna it creates the framework that links the sugar components together that creates the nucleic acid backbone
• What is the difference between a ribose and deoxyribose nucleotide?

  Ribose has an OH molecule on the bottom left of the molecule while deoxyribose has an H molecule
• Ribose is a single ring 5 carbon sugar, with the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH)
• Deoxyribose is a single ring 5 carbon sugar, that lacks a hydroxyl group (-OH)
• What characterizes a purine base?

  Purine (adenine and guanine) are a two ringed structure consisting of a 9 membered molecule with four nitrogen atoms.
• What characterizes a pyrimidine base?

  Pyrimidine (cytosine, uracil, and thymine) is a single ringed structure consisting of 6 membered molecule with only 2 nitrogen atoms.
• Deoxyribose and thymine are nucleic acids that are exclusive to DNA, while ribose and uracil are exclusive to RNA
• When two amino acid monomers are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can be joined through a dehydration reaction.
• To which class of functional proteins does lysozyme belong?

  Enzymatic protein
• What are the four levels of protein structure?

  Primary: the order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

  Secondary: localized regions of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

  Tertiary: the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, stabilized by interactions between R groups

  Quaternary: the association of more than one polypeptide subunit into a functional protein
• What could happen if a mutation in a gene caused a hydrophobic amino acid in a polypeptide to be replaced by a hydrophilic amino acid?

  The new amino acid would not form the same interactions with hydrophobic R groups, and the protein's shape would likely be affected.
• What functional groups are present in ALL amino acids?

  Amino group (-NH2)

  Carboxyl group (-COOH)
• A carboxyl group is a functional group that can sometimes act as an acid because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.
• An amino group is a functional group that can sometimes act as a base because the amino group can accept an H+ from the surrounding solution, forming −NH3+.
• What polymer is made out of amino acids?

  protein
• The central carbon atom in an amino acid is bonded to an amino functional group, a carboxyl functional group, a side chain, and hydrogen.
• Enzymes in the digestive tract break down food molecules, which is a process that occurs by hydrolysis
• What is another name for a condensation reaction?

  Dehydration
• What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

  Hydrolysis
• Nucleic acid polymers are made up of nucleotide monomers
• Protein polymers are made up of amino acid monomers
• Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.
• Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.
• Which complex carbohydrate contains only a-1,4-glycosidic linkages?

  Amylose
• Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals
• glucose+glucose = maltose+water by dehydration synthesis
• Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth
• What are compounds amylase break down?

  glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
• the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is the position of the carbonyl group
• Glycogen has an alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond
• The monosaccharides that are used to make cellulose are glucose molecules joined together with beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
• Chitin is a fibrous substance that made of polysaccharides and forms exoskeletons and the cell walls of fungi
• starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose
• Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose, this is why they can digest starch but not cellulose.
• polymers that contain sugar can store hereditary information, energy, and protect cells.
• All simple sugars have the general formula C(H2O) which is equal parts carbon and water. Complex sugars, that do not follow this formula, are also carbohydrates