Issues and Impacts

• What are the environmental concerns with the manufacture of digital devices?

  Mining rare earth materials, energy consumption, pollution
• How does energy consumption by computers impact the environment?

  It contributes to carbon emissions and climate change
• What are the issues with disposal of electronic devices?

  E-waste contains harmful chemicals and pollutes
• What does responsible recycling of technology involve?

  Proper disposal via certified e-waste centers
• What is a short replacement cycle and why is it a problem?

  Devices are replaced quickly, increasing waste
• Name two ways to reduce energy consumption of digital devices.

  Enable power-saving modes and turn off devices
• What is a digital footprint?

  Record of a person’s digital activity
• What does 'owning your data' mean?

  Control over personal data collection and use
• What are some ethical issues with data ownership?

  Companies may sell data without consent
• What is the purpose of the Data Protection Act (2018)?

  Ensures personal data is handled securely
• What are the 7 principles of the Data Protection Act (2018)?

  • Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency
  • Purpose limitation
  • Data minimisation
  • Accuracy
  • Storage limitation
  • Integrity and confidentiality (security)
  • Accountability
• What is the Computer Misuse Act (1990)?

  It makes hacking and unauthorized access illegal
• What are the three main offences under the Computer Misuse Act?

  • Unauthorised access to computer material
  • Unauthorised access with intent to commit further offences
  • Unauthorised modification of data or software
• What are cookies and why are they used?

  Small files to remember user settings
• Why must websites now ask for cookie consent?

  To inform users and get consent for cookies
• What is copyright?

  Legal protection for creators of original work
• What does copyright prevent others from doing?

  Copying or distributing without permission
• What is a patent?

  A legal right that protects new inventions
• What does a patent grant to the inventor?

  Exclusive rights to use and sell the invention
• What is a disadvantage of patents in software development?

  They can be expensive and time-consuming to apply for
• What is a trademark?

  A recognisable sign identifying a product or brand
• What does a trademark legally protect?

  Brand identity
• What is open-source software?

  Software with source code freely available
• What can users do with open-source software?

  View, modify, and distribute the source code
• What are the key features of open-source software?

  • Free to use and distribute
  • Community-based development
  • Can be modified
  • Supported by user communities
• What is proprietary software?

  Software owned by a company or individual
• What are the key features of proprietary software?

  • Paid license required
  • Source code hidden
  • Maintained by company developers
  • Often includes customer support
• What is malware?

  Malicious software designed to damage systems
• What is a virus?

  A type of malware that attaches to files
• What is a worm?

  A standalone malware that replicates itself
• How does a worm spread?

  Across networks without human action
• What is a trojan?

  Malware disguised as legitimate software
• What is a keylogger?

  Malware that records keystrokes
• What is a botnet?

  A network of infected computers controlled remotely
• Name three technical vulnerabilities hackers exploit.

  • Unpatched software
  • Out-of-date anti-malware
  • Open ports on a network
• Why are default admin passwords a risk?

  Hackers can easily guess or look them up
• What is phishing?

  A fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive data
• What is pretexting (blagging)?

  Creating a fake scenario to obtain information
• What is baiting?

  Offering something tempting to trick users
• What is quid pro quo?

  Offering a service in exchange for information