Cellular Respiration

• Label the locations of cellular respiration:

  A) mitochondria

  B) glycolysis

  C) cytoplasm

  D) citric acid cycle

  E) central matrix

  F) electron transport chain

  G) inner membrane

  
• electrons are involved in ATP synthesis
• electrons are involved in pumping hydrogen
• electrons are involved in the release of energy
• glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
• the Electron Transport Chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
• the Citric Acid Cycle is located in the matrix of the mitochondria
• During glycolysis, dehydrogenase enzymes catalyse the transfer of hydrogen ions to NAD
• In respiration, the products of the electron transport chain are

  water and ATP
• Which of the following substances must be present in a living cell for glycolysis to occur?

  Glucose and ATP
• During respiration most ATP is produced when

  hydrogen ions are passed through the membrane protein ATP synthase
• In cellular respiration, the products of the electron transport chain are

  water and ATP
• The function of the high energy electrons in the electron transport chain is to

  pump hydrogen ions against a concentration gradient
• In respiration, the sequence of reactions resulting in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is called

  glycolysis
• glycolysis Occurs during aerobic respiration
• glycolysis's end product is 2 pyruvate molecules
• The mitochondrion has two membranes
• The rate of respiration is affected by temperature
• The fermentation pathway of glucose splits from the aerobic pathway of respiration

  after the formation of pyruvate
• in respiration Carbon dioxide is released.
• in respiration ATP is produced.
• The list shows some of the substances produced during the respiration of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

  Which of the following sequences shows the order in which these substances are produced?

  ATP, pyruvate, acetyl group, citrate
• Identify the information which confirms that this is the energy investment phase of glycolysis.

  ATP is converted to ADP
• what is meant by phosphorylation.

  addition of phosphate (from ATP).
• Following the energy investment phase, glycolysis enters the energy pay off stage, during which ATP is produced. Enzyme 3 is inhibited by a build-up of ATP.

  Explain how this feedback mechanism conserves the cell’s resources.

  This ensures the cell only produces ATP when required
• What term describes the breakdown of carbohydrate into pyruvate during respiration?

  Glycolysis.
• Describe what happens to acetyl coenzyme A during respiration?

  acetyl combines with oxaloacetate to become citric acid.
• Carbohydrate is stored in the body. State the form in which it is stored and where it is stored in the body.

  Glycogen and stored in liver/muscles.
• During Stage A, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Name the molecule

  that provides phosphate for this conversion.

  ATP
• The conversion of citrate to substance X in Stage B involves several

  reactions. Name two molecules, apart from NADH, which are produced

  during these reactions.

  ATP and Carbon dioxide.
• NADH is also produced during Glycolysis. Explain the role of NADH when

  cells do not get sufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration.

  Hydrogen is transferred to pyruvate

  Lactic acid is then produced

  Regenerates NAD for glycolysis/ATP production.
• On average there is 0.04% carbon dioxide in inhaled air and 4% carbon dioxide in exhaled air. Explain why this change in carbon dioxide concentration occurs.

  (Carbon dioxide is produced) by respiration / the Citric Acid Cycle (in body cells).
• State the exact location of the citric acid cycle.

  (Central) Matrix of the mitochondrion.
• In the absence of oxygen, which reaction sequence would be the only source of ATP for the cell?

  Glycolysis or Glucose to pyruvate.
• Name the carbohydrate used as a substrate for respiration.

  glucose
• Name the stage in which glucose is converted to pyruvate and state the exact location of this stage within the cell.

  glycolysis in the cytoplasm]
• Name the compound formed in human muscle cells during fermentation.

  lactate
• The hydrogen released, as shown in the diagram, is transported to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where it is passed along a series of carriers.

  i. What is the name given to this series of carriers?

  Electron transport chain.
• As hydrogen is being passed along this series of carriers (Electron Transport Chain), what useful substance is produced?

  ATP
• What substance acts as the final hydrogen acceptor?

  oxygen