Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

    Cards (22)

    • Lower Respiratory Tract Infections are the leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years old
    • In developing countries, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections occur 10 times more frequently than in developed countries
    • In Africa, there are 3000-4000 cases per 100,000 people, with 0.28 episodes per child-year
    • Defense mechanisms against Lower Respiratory Tract Infections include mucosa, mucus production, cilia, cough, and flora
    • Innate Immunity factors involved in defense against Lower Respiratory Tract Infections include Toll-Like Receptors and Complement
    • Fever, secretions, and cough are common symptoms of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
    • Volume loss in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections can lead to compensation by using healthy volume more intensively, resulting in increased minute volume and tachypnea
    • Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) is crucial for the diagnosis and management of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
    • Signs associated with pneumonia include crackles, bronchial breathing, dull percussion, and indrawings
    • Investigations for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections may include chest X-ray and blood tests to identify pathogens
    • Common pathogens causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections include Group B Streptococcus, Enteric Gram-negatives, RSV, Influenza, Parainfluenza, Bordetella pertussis, and more
    • Prevention of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections can be achieved through the Pneumococcal vaccine, which mainly prevents meningitis and also has an effect on pneumonia
    • Special considerations in treatment may involve changing antibiotics based on the response to initial empiric treatment
    • Empiric treatment for culture-negative neonates:
      • Change to ORAL Amoxy-Clav 45mg/kg/dose Q12hly po x5d
    • If not responding well to initial empiric treatment:
      • Change to Ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/dose Q12hly IVI x5d
      • Or Cefotaxim 50 mg/kg/dose Q8hly IVI x5d
    • Special considerations for treatment:
      • If suspected 'atypical' organism (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Bordetella):
      • Add on Azithromycin 10mg/kg/dose Q24hly po x5d
      • If suspected Staphylococcus aureus:
      • Add on Flucloxacillin 50mg/kg/dose Q6hly po x14-28d
    • For HIV positive patients:
      • Same treatment as HIV negative patients
      • Consider PCP / CMV pneumonitis (severe hypoxia)
      • Treatment: 5mg Trimethropin/ 25mg Sulfomethoxazole /kg/dose Q6hly po/IVI x21d
      • Gancyclovir 5mg/kg/dose Q12hly IVI, followed by oral treatment x21-42d
      • Prednisone 1-2mg/kg/dose Q24hly po for 7-14d
    • Criteria for discharge:
      • Clinical improvement, indicated by improved activity, appetite, and resolution of fever for at least 12 hours
      • Pulse oximetry measurements consistently >90% at altitude (=1 800 m) or >92% at sea level in room air for at least 12 hours
      • Stable and/or return to baseline mental status
      • Ability to administer antibiotics at home, and child able to tolerate oral feeding and antibiotics
      • Acceptable home circumstances and ability to return to hospital if clinical deterioration
    • Signs of respiratory distress that may require oxygen therapy:
      • Hypoxemia
    • Modes of delivery for oxygen therapy:
      • Not specified
    • Side effects of oxygen therapy:
      • Not specified
    • Differential diagnosis for pediatric respiratory conditions:
      • Common cold and other URTI
      • Bronchiolitis and viral bronchopneumonia
      • PCP
      • Asthma
      • Pulmonary TB
      • Chronic Suppurative Lung Diseases