ANAPHY

• Chemical levels:

  • Atoms combine to form molecules
  • All substances in the universe are combinations of pure substances called elements (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron)
  • An atom is the smallest unit of an element, comprised of subatomic particles: proton, neutron, and electron
• Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures, formed when two or more atoms combine

  • Examples of molecules: water molecules, proteins, and sugar
• To form molecules, two or more atoms are combined, and when they come together, they form a cell
• Hierarchy of organization in living organisms:

  • Elements > atoms > molecules > organelles > cell > tissues > organs > organ system > organism
• CELL LEVEL - molecules combine to form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells
• cells are the basic structural and functional units of organism, such as plants and animals. Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called organelles
• TISSUE LEVEL - A tissue is a group of similar cells and structures that work together to perform a specific function
• Epithelial Tissue functions:

  • Protection
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
  • Filtration
  • Diffusion
  • Sensory reception
• Shapes of epithelial tissue:

  • Squamous epithelium: flat or scalelike
  • Cuboidal: cube-shaped
  • Columnar: tall and thin
• Arrangements of epithelial tissue:

  • Simple epithelium: single layer
  • Stratified epithelium: more than one layer of cell
  • Pseudostratified: different size of cells, looks like multilayer but it only has a single layer
• Combinations found in the body:

  • Simple squamous epithelium: found in blood vessels and body cavities
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium: found in glandular tissues and kidney tubules
  • Simple columnar epithelium: found in stomach and intestines
  • Stratified squamous epithelium: outermost layer of skin, mouth, throat
  • Stratified cuboidal epithelium: salivary / sweat glands
  • Stratified columnar: lining of eyelids
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: respiratory
• Specialized functions of epithelial tissue:

  • Transitional epithelium: urinary systems / urinary bladder (can stretch to hold liquid)
  • Glandular epithelium: store and release substances such as hormones, proteins, and water
  • Olfactory epithelium: nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell
• 2. Connective Tissue

  • contributes to supporting organs and cells

  • transporting nutrients and waste

  • defending against pathogens

  • storing fat

  • repair of damage tissues
• Different types of connective tissues:

  a. Loose connective tissues - Made of spars and extracellular matrix of hilaron supported by elastic
• b. Dense fibrous connective tissues: Include tendons (connect muscular tissues to bones) and ligaments (connect bones to bones)
• c. elastic connective tissue- find in large elastic arteries
• d. adipose tissue - store and release energy, temperature insulation, organ protection
• renal fat > protects kidney from shock
• e. cartilage - shock absorber found in bones
• f. osseous tissues / bones - mineral storage, internal support, enabling movement
• g. blood - connect all systems of the body, transport nutrients
• 3. Muscle Tissue

  • cardiac muscle fibers - located in the walls of the heart, stripe appearance, function under involuntary movements smooth

  • muscle fibers - walls of hollow organs, functions involuntarily

  • skeletal muscle fibers - occurs in muscle which are attach in the skeleton, straightened appearance, under voluntary movement
• 4. Nervous Tissue

  • found in the brain spinal cord and nerves

  • control many body activities

  • stimulates body contraction

  • awareness of the environment

  • emotion, memory and reasoning

  • the characteristics of the cells and its surrounding materials determine the functions of that tissue type
• 4. ORGAN LEVELS - collection of tissues that perform a specific functions

  ex. intestines, lungs, thyroid, kidney, bladder, etc.
• 5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL- necessary for normal function

  • collection of different organs that work together to perform a specific task
  • ex. nervous system, digestive system, etc.
• 6. ORGANISM LEVEL - an organism is any living thing considered as a wholethe human organism is a network of organ system that are mutually dependent upon one another

  • highest level of organization
  • ex. humans
• FUNDAMENTAL POSITION - palms are on side
• Anatomical Position - refers to a person standing upright with face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palm of the hands facing forward
• Fundamental Position - similar to anatomical position but the palms are on the side
• BODY CAVITIES - the body contains two types of internal cavities: dorsal body cavity and ventral body cavity
• 1. DORSAL BODY CAVITY - encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain, and the spinal cord
• 1. Cranial cavity - houses brain (dorsal)
• 2. Vertebral - vertebra spinal cord (dorsal)
• B. VENTRAL BODY CAVITY - houses the vast majority of our internal organs
• 3. Thoracic cavity - houses primarily the heart and lungs (ventral)

  a. Pleural cavity

  b. Pericardial cavity

  c. Mediastinum
• 4. Abdominopelvic cavity - enclosed by abdominal muscles (ventral)

  a. Abdominal cavity - superior

  b. Pelvic cavity - inferior
• SEROUS MEMBRANES OF THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

  • parietal layer
  • visceral layer
  • pericardial cavity
  • pleural cavity
  • peritoneal cavity
• 5. Oral cavity - mouth

  6. Orbital - eyes

  7. Middle ear cavity - ear

  8. Synovial cavity - found in joints for lubrication
• MESENTERIES - two layers of peritoneum that is fused together
• MESENTERIES - - ligaments that helps hold organs in place