Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry Is the study of Carbon-containing compounds.

  Carbon is bonded mostly to hydrogen and sometimes to oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens
• Organic Compounds

  • All are carbon compounds
  • All have covalent bonds
  • All have low melting points
  • All have low boiling points
  • Most burn in oxygen
  • Most are soluble in non-polar solvents
  • Most are non-electrolytes
  • All can have large molecules with many atoms
• Inorganic Compounds

  • Contains metals in salts and oxide
  • All have ionic or polar bonds
  • All have high melting points
  • All have high boiling points
  • Few burn in oxygen
  • Most are soluble in polar solvents
  • Many are electrolytes
  • All are usually small with few atoms
• The Carbon Atom

  • Located in the middle of the periodic table.
  • Low atomic mass.
  • It is ideal as the major element for biological compounds.
  • Ability to bond to other carbon atoms to form large molecules.
• ALIPHATICS: ALKANES

  • Least complex of the hydrocarbon
  • Also referred to as saturated hydrocarbons.
  • Simplest series in methane (CH4), followed by ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10).
  • The members of the alkane series are named using the Greek or Latin prefix for the number of carbon atoms.
• Homologous Series – compounds differ from each other by a specific structural unit.
• Homolog – members of homologous series.
• Naming of Branched Alkanes Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms. Use this as basis for the compound name. This is also referred to as the parent chain. Give position numbers beginning at the end of the parent chain that is close to the branch. This would give the lowest position number to the branch. Indicate the position by the number of the carbon of the parent chain to which the branch (radical) is attached. The branch is also called a substituent. Write a hyphen after the position number followed by the name of the radical. The substituent and the parent are written as one word.
• Naming of Cyclic Alkanes The ring will be the parent chain. The ring is named by the number of carbons but with the prefix cyclo. Number the ring starting from the carbon with the substituent lowest in the alphabet. Number in the direction that gives the lower overall substituent numbers.
• Name any group attached to the ring. Carbon substituents are named methyl, ethyl, prophyl, etc. Halogen substituents are named fluoro, chloro, bromo, etc.
• Group repeated substituents together using prefixes: di-, tri-, terta-, etc. List the substituents in alphabetical order ignoring the prefixes. #, #-prefixsubstituents– prefixsubstituentparentchain
• ISOMERISM – Two or more substance with the same molecular formula but different structures (isomers).
• Structural Isomerism or Functional Isomerism where the compound is made up of the same atoms but arranged in different functional groups.
• Positional or conformational isomerism where two compounds differ only in the position of a branch or substituents. Cis (Substituents are on the same plane), trans (substituents are not on the same plane)
• ALIPHATICS: ALKENES Unsaturated hydrocarbons – hydrocarbons that contain multiple bonds. Alkenes (Olefins) – unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds between the carbon atoms. Double bonds are stronger that a single bond in alkanes.
• Locator number


  A number used to assign the double bond in the chain
• Naming of Alkenes

  • Determining the longest Carbon Chain for the root name
  • Numbering the carbon atoms from the end nearest to the double bond Carbon atom
  • A locator number is used to assign the double bond in the chain
  • If more than one double bond is present the compound is named as a diene, triene or equivalent indicating the number of double bonds
• Naming of Alkenes

  • In cycloalkenes, the double bond carbons are assigned ring locations #1 and #2
  • Which of the two is #1 is determined by the nearest substituent rule
• Naming of Alkenes

  • The smaller of the two number designating the carbon atoms of the double bond is used as the double bond locator
  • If more than one double bond is present the compound is named as a diene, triene or equivalent indicating the number of double bonds
• Number the carbon atoms from the end nearest to the double bond Carbon atom. When the double bond is at the center of the chain, the nearest substituent rule will determine the end where the numbering will start. A locator number is used to assign the double bond in the chain. If there are more than one double bonds, each double bond is assigned a locator number. The smaller of the two number designating the carbon atoms of the double bond is used as the double bond locator.
• If more than one double bond is present the compound is named as a diene, triene or equivalent indicating the number of double bonds. In cycloalkenes, the double bond carbons are assigned ring locations #1 and #2. Which of the two is #1 is determined by the nearest substituent rule.
• ALIPHATICS: ALKYNES Organic molecules with one or more Carbon – Carbon triple bonds. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the emepirical formula Alkynes may either be open-chains or cyclic. The suffix for these hydrocarbon compounds is -yne.
• Naming of Alkynes

  When determining the longest Carbon chain for the root name, always include both carbon atoms of the triple bond.

  Number the carbon atoms from the end, nearest substituent rule will determine the end where the numbering will start.
• Triple bond locator


  • Triple bond locator 1
  • Triple bond locator 2
  • etc...
• Locator number


  Used to assign the triple bond in the chain
• Chain


  Numbered from the end nearest to the multiple bond, regardless of its nature
• #1


  Determined by the nearest substituent rule
• Double bonds


  Precede the triple bonds in the naming
• Triple bond locator


  The smaller of the two number designating the carbon atoms of the triple bond is used
• Simple cycloalkynes


  Triple bond carbons are assigned ring locations #1 and #2
• A locator number is used to assign the triple bond in the chain. If there are more than one triple bonds, each triple bond is assigned a locator number. The smaller of the two number designating the carbon atoms of the triple bond is used as the triple bond locator.
• In cases where there are a combination of triple bonds and double bonds in the structure. The double bonds precede the triple bonds in the naming, and the chain is numbered from the end nearest to the multiple bond, regardless of its nature.
• In simple cycloalkynes, the triple bond carbons are assigned ring locations #1 and #2. Which of the two is #1 may be determined by the nearest substituent rule.
• AROMATIC (ARENES) Used to refer to hydrocarbon compounds that had distinctly fragrant properties. Aromatic refers to cyclic hydrocarbon compounds that are unsaturated. Aromatics are made of hydrogen and carbo atoms- benzene ring. Aromatic compound is any compound that has in its structure a closed ring of alternate single and double bonds with delocalized electrons and not necessarily possessing strong aroma. Aromatic compounds are produced from petroleum and coal tar. They also occur naturally in compounds like DNA and with in some amino acids that make up proteins.
• Naming Aromatic Compounds When the benzene ring has substituents attached to it. Position of substituents (if>1)-+(di,tri,…) + substituentsn + benzene
• BIOMOLECULES an smallest Biological Molecules
• Protein

  • Made of: Long chains of 20 kinds of Amino Acids
  • Functions: Most of the structure and function of living things; enzymes
• Nucleic Acid

  • Made of: Long and short chains of nucleic acid bases form DNA, RNA, also ATG, GTP
  • Functions: Information storage (RNA, DNA), structure, enzymes, energy transfer
• • Lipids
  • Made of: Phosphate or other charged “head” with long hydrocarbon tail
  • Functions: Energy storage insulation cushioning membranes
• • Carbohydrates
  • Made of: Long and short chains of sugar molecules like glucose, fructose.
  • Functions: Energy sources, Energy storage structure