respiration + metabolism

• Lactic acid is made out of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions.
• Without oxygen the cell cannot turn pyruvate into water and CO2
• Hydrogen carriers carry Hydrogen to the electron transport chain
• Water is produced in the Mitochondria
• The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrion
• NAD+ is reduced by NADH
• FADH2 is reduced by FAD
• The products of Anaerobic respiration are CO2 and ATP (false) 
• Aerobic respiration produces lots of ATP molecules (more than 30)
• Aerobic respiration happens in the Chloroplast (false) 
• Glycolysis makes a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
• The link reaction produces one CO2 molecule per pyruvate molecule (false) 
• Glycolysis makes Pyruvate
• Glucose is the initial substrate of respiration
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
• 9. During cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are converted into which of the following? 

  
  

  A. 6 molecules of CO2, 6 molecules of water, and energy 

  B. 6 molecules of ATP, 6 molecules of NADH, and carbon dioxide 

  C. 6 molecules of glucose, 6 molecules of oxygen, and ATP 

  D. 6 molecules of ADP, 6 molecules of water, and heat 

  
  

  ANSWER: A
• 10. What is the specific form of stored energy called that cells convert energy into for various functions?

  
  

  A. NADH

  B. Glucose 

  C. ATP 

  D. CO2  

  
  

  ANSWER: C
• 11. In the Krebs Cycle, which compound is created from the combination of acetyl coA and oxaloacetic acid? 

  
  

  A. Ethyl alcohol 

  B. Citric acid 

  C. Pyruvate 

  D. Carbon dioxide 

  
  

  ANSWER: B
• 12. What is the main purpose of the Electron Transport Chain during cellular respiration? 

  A. Production of NADH 

  B. Creation of water molecules 

  C. Generation of heat 

  D. Production of ATP 

  
  

  ANSWER: D
•  13. What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration? 

  A.To produce carbon dioxide 

  B. To regulate the Krebs Cycle 

  C. To generate energy molecules for ATP production 

  D. To create glucose molecules 

  Answer: C
• 14. Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and involves the rerouting of pyruvates into fermentation? 

  1. Glycolysis 

  B. Krebs Cycle 

  C. Electron Transport Chain 

  D. Cellular respiration 

  ANSWER: A
• 15. How many ATP molecules are netted from the process of glycolysis? 

  1. 2 ATPs 

  B. 4 ATPs 

  C. 6 ATPs 

  D. 8 ATPs 

  ANSWER: Originally, it makes B, but after cutting losses from how much was spent to make them, A is the net profit
• 16. What is the chemical formula for a molecule of glucose? 

  1. C6H12O6 

  B. CO2 

  C. H2O 

  D. ATP 

  ANSWER: A
• Cellular respiration is how we derive energy from the food we eat. 
• Through cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are transformed into CO2, water, and some energy that we can use.
• The body has to convert energy into a form of stored energy called ATP to grow and move.
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a ribonucleotide made up of a nitrogenous base called adenine, a sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups with potential energy between their bonds
• Cellular respiration can yield a bit of heat and 36 - 38 molecules of ATP from one molecule of glucose.
• Glycolysis needs the investment of 2 ATPs to work and generates a net profit of 2 ATPs.
• The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondria and produces 2 ATPs per glucose molecule, plus some energy in other forms.
• The electron transport chain is the real money maker when it comes to ATP production. 
• The electron transport chain uses the electrons that were stripped off during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce about 34 ATPs per glucose molecule.
• Water's most useful properties to living organisms include it's adhesion, cohesion, low density allowing it to be expanded when frozen, it being a "super solvent"- allowing both polar and ionic compounds to be dissolved, and its high specific heat capacity
• Specific heat capacity - The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree
• Specific heat capacity (water) - It absorbs heat in the summer and releases them in the winter in bodies of water, has high SHC because of its strong hydrogen bonds that are hard to break- therefore creating a temperaturally stable habitat for life to thrive in
• Latent heat - Energy required to change state without changing temp
• Latent heat (water) - Water has high latent heat, as well because the energy needed to change temperature (increase molecular motion) all goes into breaking hydrogen bonds which makes it hard to change its temp even as it changes state.

  Because of the great energy it needs, it is a great coolant as the process of breaking its hydrogen bonds is widely endothermic and takes all the heat from the surroundings into the system, leaving the surroundings cool
• Water has good thermal conductivity because it lets heat pass through very quickly. Air does so at only 5% its rate which makes in an insulator (poor conductor). This is because the particles in air are further spaced out and cannot clearly bring heat from one fixed terminal to another
• Pusa hispida (ringed seal) - Blubber is less dense than the mammal which helps the seal float and allows for heat to be easily insulated. Needs cool temps- ice caves for hibernation nesting sites, and cold water for feeding. Their viscosity is high as they can break the flow of water and use their flippers to propel them along with their streamlines body shape for extra drag.
• Gavia artica (arctic loon) - Big airy feathers on wings allow for buoyancy when flying with air sacs that can be inflated when on water's surface to float, then compressed for diving. Needs a stable habitat to thrive, is okay with water as their wings are waterproof and skin has oil glands to insulate heat along with a thick plumage for heat in cold temps. Its feet are webbed for swimming and its body is torpedo-like for best hydrodynamic viscosity.