CC Lab Supplementary

• Two types of blood collection tubes:

  • Serum tube: used for serum analysis
  • Plasma tube: used for plasma analysis

  
• A clinical centrifuge uses centrifugal force to separate materials of different densities, including blood cells and other components of blood

  
• Chain of infection model:

  • Infectious agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host

  
• NFPA 704 symbol:

  • Health hazard (number 2)
  • Fire hazard (number 1)
  • Reactivity hazard (letter W)
  • Specific hazards (OXY, ACID, ALK, COR, RAD)

  
• Fire tetrahedron model:

  • Fuel
  • Oxygen
  • Heat
  • Uninhibited chemical reaction

  
• Serological pipette is a graduated pipette used for precise liquid transfer and measurement

  
• Ostwald-Folin pipette is another type of pipette used for liquid transfer and measurement

  
• Glassware used in clinical chemistry laboratory:

  • Plain test tubes: various sizes for different purposes
  • Evacuated test tubes: different types for specific tests
  • Flasks: volumetric flask, Erlenmeyer flask
  • Beakers: used for measuring, mixing, and heating
  • Graduated cylinders: precise measurement of liquid volume
• Stirring rods are chemically resistant rods used to mix chemicals and fluids for reactions
• Pipettes are narrow tubes used to transfer and measure liquids:

  • Serologic pipette
  • Mohr pipette
  • Volumetric pipette
  • Ostwald-Folin pipette
  • Pasteur pipette
• Cuvettes are used to hold samples for spectroscopic measurement:

  • Glass cuvettes
  • Quartz cuvettes
  • Square cuvettes
  • Round cuvettes
  • Plastic cuvettes
• Thermometers are used for temperature measurement:

  • Liquid-in-glass thermometers
  • Electronic thermometers
  • Digital thermometers
• Order of Draw for blood collection tubes:

  1. Sterile tube

  2. Blue top coagulation tube

  3. Serum tube with or without clot activator, with or without gel

  4. Heparin tube with or without gel plasma separator

  5. EDTA tube

  6. Glycolytic inhibitor
• Chain of infection model:

  • Infectious agent: microorganism causing infection
  • Reservoir: where the infectious agent lives and multiplies
  • Portal of exit: how the infectious agent leaves the reservoir
  • Mode of transmission: how the infectious agent spreads to the host
  • Portal of entry: how the infectious agent enters the host
  • Susceptible host: organism susceptible to the infection

  
• NFPA 704 symbol:

  • Health hazard: indicated by the number 2
  • Fire hazard: indicated by the number 1
  • Reactivity hazard: indicated by the letter W
  • Specific hazards: indicated by the letters OXY, ACID, ALK, COR, and RAD

  
• Fire tetrahedron model describes the elements necessary for a fire to start and spread: fuel, oxygen, heat, and an uninhibited chemical reaction

  
• A spectrophotometer measures light absorption by a sample to determine substance concentration or identify specific substances in fields like chemistry, biology, and medicine

  
• Blood Collection Set items:

  • Gauze Pads/Cotton balls
  • Arm Support
  • Plaster Tape (Micropore)
  • Labelling Tape (Masking Tape)
  • Tourniquet
• Needles for blood collection:

  • Phlebotomy needles are sterile, disposable, and designed for single use
  • Needle gauge indicates diameter, with higher gauge numbers indicating smaller diameters
  • Needle gauge selection depends on vein size, procedure, and equipment used
• Evacuated Tube System:

  • Most common system for blood collection
  • Multisample needles allow multiple tubes to be collected with a single venipuncture
  • Evacuated tubes fill with blood automatically due to negative pressure
• A clinical centrifuge uses centrifugal force to separate materials of different densities, like blood cells and other components of blood

  
• Chain of infection model:

  1. Infectious agent

  2. Reservoir

  3. Portal of exit

  4. Mode of transmission

  5. Portal of entry

  6. Susceptible host

  
• The fire tetrahedron model describes the elements necessary for a fire to start and spread: fuel, oxygen, heat, and an uninhibited chemical reaction

  
• A serological pipette is used for precise liquid transfers in laboratory settings

  
• An Ostwald-Folin pipette is a specific type of pipette used in laboratory settings

  
• A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample, used to determine substance concentration or identify specific substances

  
• Syringe system components:

  • Syringe needles come in various gauges and lengths
  • Syringes come in sterile packages with volumes like 2, 5, and 10 mL
  • Syringe transfer device allows safe transfer of blood into tubes without using the needle
• Winged infusion set:

  • Used for collecting blood from small or difficult veins
  • Consists of a stainless steel needle connected to tubing with a Luer attachment
  • Needle gauges vary, with 23-gauge being common for phlebotomy
• Other laboratory supplies:

  • Rubber pipette bulb for manual control of hazardous liquids
  • Wash bottles for supplying precise quantities of liquids
  • Test tube rack for holding test tubes upright
  • Disposable pipette tips in different colors for different volumes
• Laboratory equipment:

  • Spectrophotometer measures light absorption in samples
  • Water bath for maintaining constant temperature
  • Clinical centrifuge separates materials like serum or plasma from blood cells
  • Types of centrifuges: benchtop, floor, refrigerated, horizontal-head, angle-head, microhematocrit, cytocentrifuge, ultracentrifuge
• Types of glassware:

  • Borosilicate glass has low thermal expansion and high chemical resistance
  • Alumina-silicate glass has aluminum oxide for greater chemical durability and higher operating temperatures
• A clinical centrifuge uses centrifugal force to separate materials of different densities, commonly used in medical laboratories to separate blood cells and other components of blood

  
• Chain of infection model components:

  1. Infectious agent: microorganism causing infection

  2. Reservoir: where the infectious agent lives and multiplies

  3. Portal of exit: how the agent leaves the reservoir

  4. Mode of transmission: how the agent spreads to the host

  5. Portal of entry: how the agent enters the host

  6. Susceptible host: organism susceptible to the infection

  
• A spectrophotometer measures light absorption by a sample, used to determine substance concentration or identify specific substances in fields like chemistry, biology, and medicine

  
• A clinical centrifuge uses centrifugal force to separate materials of different densities, like blood cells, and is used in medical laboratories

  
• Universal Precautions mandate that personnel treat all blood and blood-contaminated samples as potentially infectious
• Body Substance Isolation considers all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious
• Standard precautions combine major features of universal precautions and body substance isolation
• Chemical hazards in laboratories:

  • Chemical spills
  • Chemical handling
  • Chemical storage
  • Chemical hygiene plan
  • Material Safety Data Sheet
  • Chemical labeling
• Fire hazards:

  • Flash point
  • Fire Tetrahedron components: oxygen, fuel, heat, uninhibited reaction
  • Classes of fire and suitable fire extinguishers