vocab

• Obligate anaerobes: Organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and use fermentation in their cellular respiration to create ATP
• Obligate aerobes: Organisms that cannot survive in the absence of oxygen and use it, along with sugar and fats, to metabolize them into ATP
• Facultative anaerobes: can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen, use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• Mutation: changes in the sequence of genes in DNA
• Gene flow: The movement of genes from one population to another.
• Meiosis: Combination of genes from egg and sperm cells causing cell division and creating new ells
• Sexual reproduction: The random process of producing offspring through fusion of gametes from two parents.
• Ecosystems: Biotic (living/once living) and Abiotic (non-living/chemical) factors in one area
• Biomes: groups of ecosystems with similar abiotic factors
• Biosphere: regions of planet with life
• Populations: Groups of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
• Communities: Groups of different species living in the same ecosystem at the same time
• Ultracentrifuges are used in differential centrifugation to fracture cells with the homogenizer and can sort them (in their pellet form) by weight and density.

  Densities: nucleus>mitochondria>lysosomes>ER/cell membrane>ribosomes
• Isotonic: The same concentration of solutes in the inside and outside of the cell.
• Hypotonic: A solution with a lower solute concentration (osmotic pressure) than the cell.
• Hypertonic: Having higher solute concentration (osmotic pressure) than the cell.
• Concentration: The amount of solute in a given volume of solution.
• Dilution: The process of reducing the concentration of something in force, content or value
• Solution: A dissolved solute in a solvent creating a solution
• Solvent: A liquid that can dissolve a substance.
• Solute: substance that is dissolved in a solvent, such as water.
• Organs: Groups of tissues of similar function forming 1 unit
• Organ systems: groups of organs interacting to perform 1 main fuction
• Sub-cellular structures: structures with a SPECIFIC FUNCTION in a cell
• Species: Groups of living things sharing distinct traits or charecteristics that differentiate them from others.
• Macromolecules: Large molecules that are made by the polymerization of many smaller molecules.
• Microbe diversity, especially in the g ut, decreases the risk of o besity, d iabetes, C hrons d isease, a sthma, or a llergies. There are around 100 trillion microbes in the human body
• The compound microscope first discovered cells
• The electron microscope helped scientists discover the Corona Virus
• Taxonomy is the classification of living things in groups ("Dear King Pi, can ovens fire genius swords?")
• Osmosis: the process of losing water and causing the cell's components to "shrivel" up
• Deductive reasoning: logic from an existing theory- used to formulate and test hypothesis
• Inductive reasoning: using observations and recognizign patterns to form their own hypothesis
• Redox reactions: the oxidation (loss) and reduction (gain) of electrons at the same time causing charges to balance out
• Ultrastructures: structures too small to see with light microscopes (need electron microscope)
• Immunofluorescence is the technique of binding antibodies to the epitope (the region of an antigen antibodies recognize) of the protein, flurophore, to track antibodies within a cell and visualize chemical processes and identifying the molecules location within a cell.
• Freeze fracture is the process of freezing alive cells and fracturing them along lines of weakness to be observed under an electron microscope. The transmembrane and integral proteins are visually seen in the center of the membrane
• Cryogenic electron microscopy is a technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce a 3D image of a specimen while it is alive
• What are the 4 main themes of bio?

  (1) Unity and Diversity

  (2) Form and Function

  (3) Interaction and Interdependence

  (4) Continuity and Change
• Plasmolysis: process of shriveling of cell due to osmosis