Practical Research 1 - Midterms

• Research is

  • Step by step process of investigation
• Research is systematic

  • Should follow a organized _ to formulate each part
  • Composed of a macrosystem and a microsystem
• Research is objective

  • process of analyzing phenomena of importance to any profession
  • The design and method is to avoid subjectivity and bias
• Research should be feasible

  • It can be done easily or conveniently
  • Considers the time, resources, and breadth or scope of a topic in doing research
  • The research should be more specific
  • Answers the question "Is this research doable?"
• Research should be empirical

  • supporting pieces of evidences
  • results should be validated
• Research should be clear

  • choice of valuables should be explained
  • backed with the enrichment of the review of literature or the different theories
  • there must be sufficient indicators for each variable (explain each variable as to how it will affect the dependent variable)
  • must clear or free from error
  • no mechanical errors
• Research should be reliable

  • can be repeated (will likely have the same results)
• Research should be valid

  • results are true and not manipulated
  • findings and conclusions can be applied to actual settings
• Research should be accurate

  • corresponds to the tools used
  • the tools utilized must be free from error
• Research should be generalizable

  • use samples that are selected based on different sampling methods to represent a large population, findings of the research can be applied to larger populations
• Research should be controlled

  • researchers can control some insignificant variables to have accurate results especially when conducting experimental research
• Research paradigm

  • an outline that guides the researcher in conceptualizing and conducting the research
  • two important aspects: research foundations and research methodology
• Research foundations

  • Fundamental components of research: problem, purpose, questions to be addressed, theoretical and conceptual frameworks
• Research problem

  • describing undesirable situations of the problem
  • identifying research gaps to solve the problem
• Purpose of the research 


  how the study will fill the "knowledge gap"
• Research questions

  • distinguish the significant points of the research
  • may be framed in a quantitative or qualitative manner
• Quantitative manner questions:

  • How much, how often, and to what extent
• Qualitative manner questions:

  • What, why, and how
• Hypotheses

  • possible answers to the research questions
  • will either be confirmed or rejected by the data collected by the study
• Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

  • bases and contexts for the study
  • Theoretical - theory in which the topic of the study is embedded
  • Conceptual - specific concepts and variables which are to be explored in the study
• Research methodology

  • how the questions will be answered in a credible manner
  • address the research
  • gain new insights and information to answer the problem
  • Composed of: review of literature, research approach and design, data collection, methods of analysis, and conclusion
• Review of literature

  • existing knowledge on the research topic
  • used to identify knowledge gaps that may be addressed in the research
• Research approach and design

  • the best means to collect and analyze data in the study
  • clarify and improve the research problem, purpose, and questions
• Data collection

  • methods to determine who will be the participants (sampling)
  • how the variables will be measured and how data will be documented and collected
• Data analysis

  • strategies and methods that makes sense of the data (analyze and interpretation of the data) to answer the research problem and questions
• Conclusion

  • summarizes the key results of the studies and discusses how they are relevant to the research problem
  • also determines if the hypotheses are accepted or rejected
  • addresses the knowledge gap and presents new insights to the problem (recommendations)
• Macro System

  • Chapters
• Micro System

  • detailed contents of each research chapter
• Outline of an Academic Research Paper - Chapter 1

  Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

  A. Introduction, Background of the Study

  B. Statement of the Problem

  C. Scope and Delimitation

  D. Significance of the Study
• Outline of an Academic Research Paper - Chapter 2 


  Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework

  A. Review of Related Literature

  B. Review of Related Studies

  C. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

  D. Hypothesis of the Study

  E. Assumptions of the Study

  F. Definition of Terms
• Outline of an Academic Research Paper - Chapter 3

  Chapter 3: Research Methodology

  A.Research Design

  B. Respondents of the Study

  C. Instrument of the Study

  D. Validity and Reliability

  E. Statistical Treatment
• Outline of an Academic Research Paper - Chapter 4

  Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

  A.Presentation of Data

  B. Analysis

  C. Interpretation

  D. Discussion
• Outline for an Academic Research Paper - Chapter 5

  Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

  A.Summary of Findings

  B. Conclusion

  C. Recommendation
• Seek and explore new knowledge that will be beneficial to the community or society as a whole


  Ultimate goal of all types of research
• Proponents


  other term for a researcher/ researchers
• Goals of conducting research

  • Produce evidence-based practice
  • Establish credibility in the profession
  • Observe accountability
  • Promote cost-effectiveness
• Artistic Research

  • conducts practical methods as substitutes for fundamental and theoretical approaches
• Phenomenological Research

  • explains that simple units of experience have complex meanings
• Grounded theory

  • compares collected units of data with one another to arrive at a hypothesis
• Qualitative Research

  • emphasizes the complexity of humans