Protein Synthesis

• Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins. In biological systems, it is carried out inside the cell. In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, it initially occurs in the nucleus to create a transcript (mRNA) of the coding region of the DNA
• Transcription is the process through which a DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA or in other words, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA
• The sequence of the mRNA is decoded to specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. The name translation reflects that the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA sequence must be translated into the completely different "language" of amino acids
• A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
• Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Mostly ccurs in non-coding DNA
• Most mutations doesn’t have significant effect.
• Substitutions - one of the bases is changed for another random base
• Insertion - an extra base is inserted into the sequence
• Deletion - one of the bases is deleted from the sequence
• DNA manipulation refers to the process of intentionally altering the genetic material of an organism, typically involving the manipulation of DNA molecules.
• The goal of DNA manipulation is often to introduce specific changes or traits into an organism's genetic code. This field of study and technology has various applications, including in scientific research, medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
• There are several techniques and methods for DNA manipulation, and one of the most widely used is recombinant DNA technology.
• Recombinant DNA technology involves combining genetic material from different sources to create a new DNA sequence. This can be achieved by cutting DNA at specific points using enzymes called restriction enzymes and then joining the DNA fragments together with the help of DNA ligase.
• Gene therapy is a medical intervention that involves the introduction, removal, or alteration of genetic material within an individual's cells to treat or prevent disease.
• The primary goal of gene therapy is to correct or replace faulty genes, allowing cells to function properly. This field of medicine holds promise for treating a wide range of genetic disorders, as well as some acquired diseases.
• In vivo gene therapy refers to direct delivery of genetic material either intravenously (through an IV) or locally to a specific organ (eg, directly into the eye).
• In vivo gene therapy works through the help of a vector, which directly inserts functional copies of a gene into target cells to treat a mutated or missing gene. .
• In vivo delivery of gene therapy has been proven in many areas of research. Some of the currently approved gene therapies deliver genetic material in vivo.
• Ex vivo gene therapy refers to the process of removing specific cells from a person, genetically altering them in a laboratory, and then transplanting them back into the person.