etiks

• , is about matters such as the good thing that we should pursue and the bad thing that we should avoid; the right ways in which we could or should act and the wrong ways of acting.

  ETHICS
• ) Aesthetics: the word "aesthetics" is derived from the Greek word “aesthesis” (sense or feeling) and refers to the judgements of personal approval or disapproval that we make about what we see, hear, smell, or taste. In fact, we often use the word “taste” to refer to the personal aesthetic preferences that we have on these matters, such as his taste in music or her taste in clothes.
• Etiquette: concerned with right and wrong actions but considered not quite grave enough to belong to the discussion of ethics.
• Technical: derive from the Greek word “techne” the English words “technique” and “technical” which are often used to refer to a proper way (or right way) of doing things.
• Morals: refers to specific beliefs or attitudes that people have or to describe acts that people perform; individual's personal conduct, and if he/she falls short of behaving properly, this can be described as immoral.
• Ethics: can be spoken as the discipline of studying and understanding ideal human behavior and ideal ways of thinking. Thus, ethics is acknowledged as an intellectual discipline belonging to philosophy.
• Professional Ethics: acceptable and unacceptable ways of behaving in a given field (e.g., legal ethics for the proper comportment of lawyers and other people in the legal profession; medical ethics for doctors and nurses; and media ethics for writers and reporters).
• PHILOSOPHY: rooted in the Greek words that translate to "love of wisdom" (philia is the noun often translated into English as some form of "friendship" or "love," while “Sophia” is the noun often translated into English as "wisdom").
• The word "philosophy" has been first used by thinkers to refer to their striving to better understand reality in a maintained and systematic manner.
• Metaphysics: wonders as to what constitutes the whole reality
• Epistemology: asks what our basis is for determining what we know
• Axiology: refers broadly to the study of value
• Aesthetics: concerns itself with the value of beauty
• Ethics: concerns with value of human actions
• Political Philosophy: why we need laws, government and etc.
• Logic: "where is the logic behind this or that?" In logic, we usually construct two sentences which are called premises, and they are used to make a conclusion. This sort of logic is called a “syllogism”, pioneered by Aristotle.

   
• DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF ETHICS: reports how people, particularly groups, make their moral valuations without making any judgment either for or against these valuations.
• This kind of study is often the work of the social scientist: either a historian (studying different moral standards overtime)
• a sociologist or an anthropologist (studying different moral standards across cultures). (e.g., noting how filial piety and obedience are pervasive characteristics of Chinese culture)
• NORMATIVE STUDY OF ETHICS: often done in philosophy or moral theology, engages the question: What could or should be considered as the right way of acting? In other words, a normative discussion prescribes what we ought to maintain as our standards or bases for moral valuation. (e.g., studying how Confucian ethics enjoins us to obey our parents and to show filial piety)
• Moral Issue: a situation that calls for moral valuation; often used to refer to those particular situations that are often the source of considerable and inconclusive debate (thus, we would often hear topics such as capital punishment and euthanasia as moral "issues").
• Moral Decision: when one is placed in a situation and confronted by the choice of what act to perform, e.g., I choose not to take something I did not pay for.
• Moral Judgement: when a person is an observer who makes an assessment on the actions or behavior of someone, e.g., a friend of mine chooses to steal from a store, and I make an assessment that it is wrong.
• Moral Dilemma: when an individual can choose only one from a number of possible actions, and there are compelling ethical reasons for various choices, e.g., a mother may be conflicted between wanting to feed her hungry child but then recognizing that it would be wrong for her to steal.
• MORAL THEORY is a systematic attempt to establish the validity of maintaining certain moral principles; it can also be referred to as a framework. We use this term, "framework," as a theory of interconnected ideas, and at the same time, a structure through which we can evaluate our reasons for valuing a certain decision or judgement.
• THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES written by Plato, Socrates makes the claim that it is the greatest good for a person to spend time thinking about and discussing with others these questions on goodness and virtue.
• Ø  PRINCIPLES as rationally established grounds by which one justifies and maintains her moral decisions and judgments.
• Human Act: are acts with conscious knowledge, acts that are done freely, acts done with consent. Human acts are those that are freely chosen in consequence of a judgement of conscience. Human Acts are different from Acts of Man. We cannot talk about goodness and badness of an act if we are dealing with acts of man.
• ) Knowledge: an action performed by conscious agent who is aware of its action and its consequences.
• Freedom: it must be performed by an agent who is acting freely, without any external factors affecting its actions.
• Voluntariness: it must be performed by an agent who decides willfully to perform the act.
• o   Acts of Man: are acts that happen "naturally"; acts done without self-awareness without deliberation, reflection, consent. Instinctive, spontaneous acts that human beings share with other animals. It is an action done by an agent, which does not have one or more determinants of human acts. e.g., breathing, digestion, circulation or air in the body
• POSITIVE LAW: refers to the different rules and regulations that are posited or put forward by an authority figure that require compliance
• the law is enforced by way of a system of sanctions administered through persons and institutions, which all help in compelling us to obey. Taking the law to be the basis of ethics has the benefit of providing us with an objective standard that is obligatory and applicable to all
• v  Prohibitive Nature of Law: The Law does not tell us what we should do; it works by constraining us from performing acts that we should not do, in simple terms, the law cannot tell us what to pursue, only what to avoid.
• v  Deontology of Immanuel Kant: the concept of law is creatively utilized in a more ethically significant way. (Universal Moral Law)
• v  LEGAL: governs society as a whole, often dealing with interactions between total strangers
• ETHICAL: governs professional interactions
• MORAL: governs private, personal interactions
• Natural Law? It is the ethical theory that there is a universal moral order that can be discovered by human reason, and that this order is the basis of all human laws. The origins of the expression “natural law” are to be found in debates between Greek philosopher Plato and those thinkers known as Sophists.