Example compounds/substances to memorize

• Steel

  alloy of iron, carbon and another element [Fe+C+z]
• Stainless Steel

  Alloy of Iron with Nickel or Chromium [Fe+Ni/Cr]
• Brass 


  Alloy of Copper and Zinc [Cu+Zn]
• Broze

  Alloy of Copper and Tin [Cu+Sn]
• Pewter

  Alloy of Tin, Antimony, and Copper [Sn+Sb+Cu]
• Sterling Silver

  Alloy of Silver, Copper or another metal [Ag+Cu/z]
• Two common polymers and their uses

  Polyethylene: low density = flexible because of its branched structure (cling films, containers)

  while high density = rigid due to linear structure (milk jugs, pipes)

  Polypropylene: high heat resistance and resilience against fatigue/wear (auto-parts, containers, ropes)

  
• Fullerenes [sp2]


  made of 60 carbons (20 hexagonal rings, 12 pentagonal rings and bonded to 3 carbons) in a spherical shaped (trigonal planar) with relatively low conductivity as their delocalized electron sticks to only 1 atom. Used in the medical industry.
• Dimond [sp3]


  Tetrahedral arrangement, poor conductivity with no free, delocalized electrons, high melting and boiling point and strong bonds making for a strong molecule.
• Graphene

  1 layer of graphite boned to 3 carbons each for hexagonal rings makes graphene one of the most conductive materials ever as a synthetic allotrope, great tensile strength- x1000 of steel- with high melting and boiling point due to its strong bonds. Can be rolled into nanotubes for pharmaceutical purposes
• Graphite [sp2]


  Has a carbon bonded to 3 other carbons in a trigonal planar with strong bonds between them causing a high melting and boiling point, 1 delocalized electron per carbon for good conductivity and a soft and slippery feel
• Silicon Dioxide

  4 oxygen and 2 silicon in a tetrahedral arrangement has strong bonds, with high melting and boiling points
• BIOLOGICAL MARCO-MOLECULE: Polypeptides (proteins)


  Doesn't need extra monomers because of its 2 functional groups (amide and ester)
• BIOLOGICAL MARCO-MOLECULE: Polysaccharids (sugars)


  Makes up cellulose and starch
• BIOLOGICAL MARCO-MOLECULE: Polynucleotides (ex. nucleic acid)


  Genetic material with hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases and covalent bonding between sugar and phosphate groups
• Substitutional alloy

  Added element replaces base metal ions without a fixed ratio in non-directional bonding

  
• Interstitial alloy

  Added element occupies vacant space in lattice with non directional bonding

  
• Polymers

  Have greater flexibility due to their week bonds creating more sliding between particles; durability, due to their large number of covalent bonds; are easily molded with their small monomers having weak intramolecular forces allowing them to be heated easily and shaped ideally; light weight with more internal space and less density with carbon decreasing atmospheric pressure; and provides good insulation as there are no delocalized electrons in them to carry energy
• Polyatomic ions


  Ammonium (NH4+), Hydroxide (OH-), Nitrate (NO3-), Hydrogen Carbonate (HCO3-), Carbonate (CO3 -2), Sulfate (SO4 -2), Phosphate (PO4 -3)