Philosophy

• Determining the truth of a given statement or belief is called Methods of truth
• theories of truth are actually ways of explaining what makes a statement or belief true
• Correspondence theory states that a statement is true when it corresponds with reality.
• Coherence Theory says that a statement is true when it coheres with other statements we believe to be true.
• Pragmatism is by examining the consequences of holding or accepting the statement/belief to be true
• Observation is a method used to check if an empirical statement correctly represents a fact in the world
• Internal observation is observation of our own thoughts and feelings
• External Observation is observation of things outside of our mind
• Reasoning is the process of knowing or establishing the truth by means of reason
• some philosophers identify internal observation with what is called introspection
• intuition is the way we grasp the truth of something
• Mystical experience provides the person having a experience some means of knowing something which cannot be known using the usual methods of observation by our sense organs and reasoning
• appeal to authority may take the form of a testimony
• Fallacies are errors or mistakes in reasoning
• formal fallacies are errors in reasoning due solely to an incorrect form or structure of an argument
• informal fallacies are errors in reasoning due solely to an anomaly or defect in the content
• fallacies of ambiguity refers to fallacies in which the error in reasoning is brought about by the occurrence of ambiguous term
• fallacies of relevance is errors brought by the irrelevance of the premise
• fallacies of presumption is errors brought by assumptions
• Equivocation is when a word or phrase becomes confused in the context of one argument
• composition is from parts to whole
• Division is whole to parts
• argument from ignorance is that it hasn't been proven false
• appeal to inappropriate authority is committed when someone whose field of expertise does not include the nature of the conclusion being established
• Appeal to person is committed when one evaluates an argument by means of citing something about the person who asserts the said argument
• Appeal to pity is committed when one appeals to pity
• Appeal to force is committed when one forces someone
• Appeal to popular will is committed when one appeals to what the trends are
• Complex question is committed when one asks a question that contains unproved assumptions
• False cause is committed when one attributes a wrong cause to something
• Begging the question is committed when reasoning is circular
• Accident is committed when one applies a general rule to individual cases
• Hasty generalization is basically generalization