Lesson 1 Victimology

• Behavior


  actions of an organism or system and response of the organism or system to various stimuli or inputs
• Human Behavior


  range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans

  in conjunction with their environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs
• Human development


  process of a person's growth and maturation throughout their lifespan
• Equity


  the idea that every person has the right to an education and

  health care, that there must be fairness for all.
• Sustainability


  encompasses the view that every person has the right to

  earn a living that can sustain him or her, while everyone also has the right to

  access to goods more evenly distributed among populations
• Production


  the idea that people need more efficient social programs to

  be introduced by their governments
• Empowerment


  the view that people who are powerless, such as women,

  need to be given power
• Id


  allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that the id is based

  on the pleasure principle i.e. it wants immediate satisfaction, with no

  consideration for the reality of the situation
• Ego


  meet the needs of the id, whilst taking into account the

  constraints of reality. This acknowledges that being impulsive or selfish can

  sometimes hurt us, so the id must be constrained (reality principle)
• Superego


  develops during the phallic

  stage as a result of the moral constraints placed on us by our parents. internalizes society

  and parental standards of "good" and "bad", "right" and "wrong" behavior
• Levels of awareness

  • The conscious level
  • The preconscious level
  • The unconscious level
• The conscious level


  consists of whatever sensations and experiences

  you are aware of at a given moment of time
• The preconscious level


  This domain is sometimes called "available

  memory” that encompasses all experiences that are not conscious at the

  moment but which can easily be retrieved into awareness
• The unconscious level


  the deepest and major stratum of the human

  mind. It is the storehouse for primitive instinctual drives plus emotion and

  memories that are so threatening to the conscious mind that they have been

  repressed, or unconsciously pushed
• Oral stage


  first psychosexual stage in which the infant's source of id gratification

  is the mouth Infant gets pleasure from sucking and swallowing
• Anal stage


  children

  learn how much control they can exert over others with anal sphincter muscles.

  Children can have the immediate pleasure of expelling feces, but that may cause

  their parents to punish them.
• Phallic stage


  Genitals become the primary source of pleasure. The child's erotic pleasure

  focuses on masturbation, that is, on self-manipulation of the genitals
• Castration anxiety


  fear that

  their father will punish them for these feelings
• Oedipus complex


  This refers to an instance where in boys build up a warm

  and loving relationship with mothers (mommy's boy)
• Electra complex


  refers to an occasion where in girls experience an

  intense emotional attachment for their fathers (daddy's girl)
• Oedipus complex


  named for the king of Thebes who killed his

  father and married his mother
• Latency stage


  Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this stage. Sexual energy is going through

  the process of sublimation and is being converted into interest in schoolwork,

  riding bicycles playing house and sports.
• Genital stage


  This refers to the start of puberty and genital stage: there is renewed interest in

  obtaining sexual pleasure through the genitals.
• Two basis of instinct based on Freud's theory

  • Eros
  • Thanatos
• Trait approach


  identifies where a person might lie along a continuum of various

  personality characteristics
• Trait theories


  attempt to learn and explain the traits

  that make up personality, the differences between people in terms of their

  personal characteristics, and how they relate to actual behavior
• Trait


  refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of

  behaving, thinking, and feeling
• Kinds of Trait by Allport

  • Common traits
  • Individual traits
  • Cardinal traits
  • Central traits
  • Secondary traits
• Common traits


  These are personality traits that are shared by most

  members of a particular culture.
• Individual traits


  These are personality traits that define a person's unique

  individual qualities.
• Cardinal traits


  These are personality traits that are so basic that all

  person's activities relate to it. It is a powerful and dominating behavioral

  predisposition that provides the pivotal point in a person's entire life.
• Central traits


  These are the core traits that characterize an individual's

  personality Central traits are the major characteristics of our personalities that

  are quite generalized and enduring. They form the building blocks of our

  personalities.
• Secondary traits


  These are traits that are inconsistent or relatively

  superficial, less generalized and far less enduring that affects our behaviors in

  specific circumstances,
• Extraversion


  This dimension contrasts such traits as sociable, outgoing,

  talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active with more introverted traits

  such as withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring, and reserved.
• Neuroticism


  prone to emotional instability.

  They tend to experience negative emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous,

  and prone to worry
• Conscientiousness


  This factor differentiates individuals who are

  dependable, organized, reliable, responsible, thorough hard-working, and

  preserving from those undependable disorganized, impulsive, unreliable,

  irresponsible, careless negligent and lazy
• Agreeableness


  This factor is composed of a collection of traits that range

  from compassion to antagonism toward others, and would be a pleasant person, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and cooperative.
• Openness to Experience


  This factor contrasts individuals who are

  imaginative, curious, broad-minded, and cultured with those who are concreteminded and practical, and whose interests are narrow.
• Personality trait by Eysenck

  • Extrovert
  • Introvert
  • Emotionally Unstable
• Extrovert


  refers to a person that is sociable, out-going, and active.