AnaPhy 2

• cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is the 'skin' that surrounds the entire cell.
• This porous membrane is made of a double layer of phospholipids
• larger polar molecules and ions are able to enter the cell through specialized pores

  that shuttle solutes through the bilayer
• Cytosol is the liquid inside the cell.
• Everything inside the cell that isn't an organelle or protein is cytosol.
• Cytoplasm is everything inside the cell that isn't the nucleus.
• "Organelles" is the general name for the various structures inside the cytoplasm
• The nucleus is the control centre and source of genetic information for the cell.
• Chromatids are long sequences of genetic information in the form of DNA
• As the cell prepares to divide, the chromatids coil up to form chromosomes
• chromosomes, which are visible with a microscope in a stained cell.
• The nucleolus is the dark area in the centre of the nucleus.
• endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is attached to the nucleus by its membranes.
• smooth ER releases lipids, such as hormones, that are used both in the cell and in

  neighbouring cells
• rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes, and functions in making proteins.
• Ribosomes synthesize (make) proteins from amino acids
• Ribosomes are found on the rough ER, inside the nucleus, and also in the cytoplasm
• Golgi apparatus modifies proteins by adding signalling sugars onto the surface of the proteins. This process is called post-translational modification.
• Golgi apparatus modifies proteins by adding signalling sugars onto the surface of the proteins.
• The protein arrives at the Golgi inside a small vesicle called a transport vesicle.
• Exocytosis is where a secretory vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and its contents are released outside of the cell.
• The mitochondria are often called the powerhouses of the cell since they use the chemical energy from sugars, proteins, and fats to make the energy for the cell to do its various metabolic tasks.
• The main molecule that provides chemical energy is adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP).
• Peroxisomes are special types of vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes which break down fatty acids, some amino acids, and toxic hydrogen peroxide.
• The cytoskeleton is the structure that gives a cell shape, holds organelles in place, and lets parts of the cell move.
• cytoskeleton - It is comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
• Microfilaments (or actin filaments) allow the contraction and expansion of a cell, which allows cells to move in space
• Microfilaments are the smallest and thinnest component of the cytoskeleton.
• Intermediate filaments hold the organelles in place within the cytosol and anchor the nucleus in place.
• Microtubules are the thickest structure in the cytoskeleton
• Centrioles organize the spindle during cell division
• there are 27 microtubules in one centriole
• Lysosomes are the recycling crew of the cell
• lysosomes - They contain hydrolytic enzymes which break nutrient particles into smaller pieces so that other organelles can use these fragments as a source of energy
• Lysosomes also break down damaged organelles, freeing their components for re-use.
• A flagellum is a bundle of microfilaments projecting out of the cell, creating a structure that looks like a tail.
• Flagella are anchored to the cell at basal bodies.
• Cilia are very similar in structure to the flagella, but they tend to be shorter
• In single-celled organisms, cilia can be used to move the cell
• human body, cilia is used to move substances across the cell surface