HEALTH EDUCATION

• Health education assists people in learning health-related behaviors for optimal health and independence in self-care

  
• Planned educational activities in health education use teaching, counseling, and behavior modification to improve patient knowledge and health behaviors
• The purpose of health education is to increase the competence and confidence of clients for self-management
• Florence Nightingale emphasized teaching patients about nutrition, fresh air, exercise, and personal hygiene to improve their well-being
• Primary health nurses in the 1900s understood the role of nurses as teachers in preventing disease and maintaining society's health
• Patient teaching has been recognized as an independent nursing function for decades, with learners including patients, families, community, and colleagues
• Benefits of client education include increased consumer satisfaction, improved quality of life, continuity of care, decreased patient anxiety, reduced complications of illness, adherence to treatment plans, independence in daily activities, and consumer empowerment in care planning
• The evolution of the teaching role of nurses includes teaching as a function within nursing practice and educating colleagues, not just patients
• Health education empowers clients to be actively involved in planning their care and promotes adherence to treatment plans to prevent complications
• Health education aims to transition patients from being dependent on others to being self-sustaining in managing their own care
• The social learning theory states that people learn by observing others' behavior and the consequences of those behaviors
• Albert Bandura's theory of social learning emphasizes learning through observing the behavior of others, with interconnected personal and environmental factors influencing behavior
• Operant conditioning involves positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment to shape behavior
• Classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to conditioned responses
• The three stages of learning are attention, memory, and action, where attention is focusing on new information, memory is storing it, and action is using the learned information
• The relationship between theory, concepts, and learning involves keeping the environment clean to reduce microorganism spread (theory), educating clients on hygiene and sanitation (concept), and clients maintaining clean surroundings and understanding complications of poor hygiene (learning)
• Attachment is a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver

  
• Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study on attachment:

  • Aim: identify stages of attachment / find a pattern in the development of an attachment between infants and parents
  • Participants: 60 babies from Glasgow
  • Procedure: analyzed interactions between infants and carers
  • Findings: babies of parents/carers with 'sensitive responsiveness' were more likely to have formed an attachment
• Freud's superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards
• Public health nurses provide care and support to people of all ages and stages of life

  
• Steps to take when a nurse is washing a client's hands:

  • Wet hands
  • Apply soap
  • Rub hands palm to palm
  • Rinse hands with water
  • Dry hands with a single-use towel

  
• Ways to improve healthcare:

  • Increase consumer satisfaction
  • Improve quality of life
  • Ensure continuity of care
  • Promote adherence to healthcare treatment plans
  • Effectively reduce the incidence of complications of illness
  • Decrease patient anxiety

  
• Four quadrants of operant conditioning:

  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Positive punishment
  • Negative punishment

  
• Classical conditioning:

  • Neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  • UCS elicits an unconditioned response (UCR), while the CS elicits a conditioned response (CR)

  
• Three stages of learning:

  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Action

  
• Social learning theory: people learn by observing others' behavior and the consequences of those behaviors

  
• Albert Bandura's theory of social learning: people learn through observing the behavior of others

  
• The relationship between theory, concepts, and learning:

  • Theory: keeping the environment clean lessens the spread of microorganisms
  • Concept: nurse educates the client on maintaining clean surroundings and good personal hygiene
  • Learning: client keeps surroundings clean and healthy, understands the importance of hygiene, and avoids possible complications from poor hygiene

  
• The education process involves systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based actions consisting of teaching and learning
• Teaching is a deliberate intervention involving planning and implementation of instructional activities to meet intended learner outcomes
• Instruction is a component of teaching that involves sharing information and experiences to meet intended learner outcomes in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains
• Learning is a change in behavior that can be observed or measured, resulting from exposure to environmental stimuli
• Five areas of responsibility of health education:

  1. Planning

  2. Implementation of health education

  3. Evaluation and Research

  4. Resource person

  5. Advocate
• Behaviorist theory:

  • Focuses on directly observable behavior
  • Learning is the product of stimulus conditions and responses
  • Useful in nursing practice for healthcare delivery
• Learning is about a change brought about by developing a new skill, understanding a scientific law, or changing an attitude
• Learning is a relatively permanent change, usually brought about intentionally
• Teaching is a set of events designed to support the internal process of learning, with teaching being external to learners and learning internal
• The ASSURE model for teaching: Analyze the learner, State the objective, Select instructional methods and materials, Use them, Require learner performance, Evaluate the teaching plan and revise as necessary
• Hallmarks of good teaching in nursing include professional competence, skillful interpersonal relationships with students, desirable personal characteristics, and availability to students in clinical areas
• Principles of good teaching practices in health education: encourage student-faculty contact, cooperation among students, active learning, prompt feedback, time on task, high expectations, and respect for diverse talents and ways of learning