PR 1 TERMS

• Validity Threats: Factors that may compromise the validity of research findings, such as selection bias, measurement error, or confounding variables
• Variables: Factors that can vary or change in a research study
• Research Bias: Systematic errors in the research process that may affect the validity or reliability of findings, such as selection bias, response bias, or publication bias
• Research Contribution: Unique insights generated by a study that adds to the existing literature and advances the field
• Research Ethics: Principles governing the ethical conduct of research, including the protection of human subjects, informed consent, confidentiality, and responsible data use
• Research Findings: Results discovered through the analysis of collected data in a research study
• Research Proposal: Outlines research objectives, methodology, timeline, and expected outcomes, typically submitted for approval before conducting the research
• Research Reliability: Consistency and stability of research measurements or findings over time and conditions
• Research Validity: The extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure and accurately reflects the concept under investigation
• Sampling Techniques: Methods used to select participants or cases for inclusion in a research study, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, or convenience sampling
• Statistical Significance: Likelihood that an observed result represents a true relationship or difference between variables, not due to chance
• Survey: Method involving collecting data from individuals through questionnaires or interviews to gather information about attitudes, opinions, or behaviors
• Descriptive Statistics: Measures used to summarize and describe the main features of a dataset, such as measures of central tendency and variability
• Experimental Design: Involves manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effects on a dependent variable, often using control groups and random assignment
• Hypothesis: A tentative statement predicting the relationship between variables or the outcome of a study
• Hypothesis Testing: Procedure involving comparing observed data to expected data to determine if there is enough evidence to support rejecting the null hypothesis
• Independent Variable: Variable manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable
• Inferential Statistics: Techniques used to make inferences about a population based on a sample of data, such as hypothesis testing or confidence intervals
• Literature Gap: Area within existing literature providing an opportunity for new research contributions
• Literature Review: Critical evaluation and synthesis of existing research relevant to a topic
• Methodology: Systematic approach used to conduct research, including research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques
• Null Hypothesis: States there is no significant relationship or difference between variables in a study
• Peer Review: Evaluation by experts to ensure the quality, validity, and rigor of research studies before publication
• Alternative Hypothesis: States there is a significant relationship or difference between variables in a study
• Case Study: Method focusing on in-depth investigation and analysis of a single individual, group, or phenomenon
• Confounding Variables: Variables that may influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
• Confidence Interval: Range of values within which the true population parameter is estimated to lie with a certain level of confidence
• Control Group: Group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment, used as a comparison
• Correlation: Statistical measure indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables
• Data Analysis Techniques: Methods used to analyze and interpret collected data, such as statistical analysis, content analysis, or grounded theory
• Data Collection Instruments: Tools used to gather data in a research study, such as questionnaires, interviews, or observation protocols
• Dependent Variable: Variable measured to determine the effect of the independent variable
• Validity Threats: Factors or influences that may compromise the validity or accuracy of research findings, such as selection bias, measurement error, or confounding variables
• Variables: Factors or characteristics that can vary or change in a research study
• Research Bias: Systematic errors or distortions in the research process that may affect the validity or reliability of the research findings, such as selection bias, response bias, or publication bias
• Research Contribution: The unique or novel insights, knowledge, or understanding generated by a research study that adds to the existing body of literature and advances the field
• Research Ethics: The principles and guidelines that govern the ethical conduct of research, including the protection of human subjects, informed consent, confidentiality, and the responsible use of data
• Research Findings: The results, patterns, or relationships discovered through the analysis and interpretation of collected data in a research study
• Research Proposal: A document that outlines the research objectives, methodology, timeline, and expected outcomes of a research study, typically submitted for approval before conducting the research
• Research Reliability: The consistency and stability of research measurements or findings over time and across different conditions, indicating the degree to which the results can be replicated