computer science igcse 0478

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    • Number Systems:
      • Binary System: has values 0 and 1, with the leftmost bit called the Most Significant Bit (MSB)
      • Denary System: base 10 with values from 0 to 9
      • Hexadecimal (Hex) System: base 16 with values from 0 to 9 followed by A to F (A represents 10, B represents 11, and so on until F)
    • Number Conversions:
      • Converting Binary to Denary: place binary value in columns of 2 raised to the power of the number of values from the right, then add the values with 1s
      • Converting Denary to Binary: successively divide the value by 2, noting remainders
      • Converting Hexadecimal to Binary: separate each value, convert to denary, then to binary and merge all binary values
      • Converting Binary to Hexadecimal: divide binary into groups of 4, find denary value, convert to hexadecimal, and put all values in order
    • Binary Calculations:
      • Binary values are added differently: 0+0=0, 1+0/0+1=1, 1+1=0 (1 carry), 1+1+1=1 (1 carry)
      • Overflow occurs when the solution exceeds the given values' limit
    • Use of the Hexadecimal System:
      • Hexadecimal is used in defining colors in HTML, MAC addresses, assembly languages, memory dumps, debugging, display error codes, and IP addresses
      • Using hexadecimal makes writing code easier, faster, and less error-prone than binary
    • Text:
      • ASCII: standard 7-bit code representing letters, numbers, and characters on a keyboard
      • Unicode: extends ASCII to support multiple languages and more data
    • Sound:
      • Sound is analog and is converted to digital form through sampling
      • Sampling resolution: number of bits per sample, increasing it increases accuracy but also memory usage
      • Sampling rate: number of sound samples taken per second, measured in Hertz (Hz)
    • Images:
      • Bitmap Images: made up of pixels and stored as binary numbers
      • Colour Depth: number of bits representing each color
      • Image Resolution: number of pixels in an image, higher resolution means more detail
    • Measurement of the Size of Computer Memo
    • Data on a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD) is stored in sectors, small sections of the disk that can store a specific amount of data, arranged in tracks and clusters
    • Sectors are the smallest unit of data storage on a disk, arranged in tracks which are concentric circles on the disk
    • When data is written to the disk, it is stored in the first available sector; if the data is larger than one sector, it will be stored in multiple sectors
    • When data is read from the disk, it is read from the sector in which it was stored
    • Von Neumann architecture connects the processor, memory, input/output devices, and storage in a computer system
    • Von Neumann architecture is a type of computer system architecture
    • Von Neumann architecture includes the processor, memory, input/output devices, and storage connected together
    • Von Neumann architecture was developed by John von Neumann
    • Von Neumann architecture is used in most modern computers
    • Von Neumann architecture consists of the central processing unit (CPU) which includes the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit, and System Clock
    • The Control Unit in the CPU controls the operation of memory, processor, and input/output devices
    • The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in the CPU carries out logic system calculations
    • The System Clock in the CPU produces timing signals for the processor
    • Von Neumann architecture is essential for the functioning of modern computer systems
    • Von Neumann architecture is named after John von Neumann, a mathematician and physicist
    • Von Neumann architecture is a fundamental concept in computer science
    • Von Neumann architecture is a key principle in computer organization and design
    • Von Neumann architecture is crucial for the operation of computers by connecting different components
    • Von Neumann architecture integrates the key elements of a computer system for efficient operation
    • Von Neumann architecture ensures the seamless functioning of a computer system by linking its components
    • Von Neumann architecture plays a vital role in the operation and performance of modern computers
    • Von Neumann architecture is a foundational concept in computer engineering
    • Von Neumann architecture is crucial for the coordination and functioning of computer hardware components
    • Von Neumann architecture is a cornerstone in computer system design and operation
    • Von Neumann architecture is a key framework in computer architecture
    • Von Neumann architecture is a fundamental structure in computer systems
    • Von Neumann architecture is a pivotal concept in computer science and engineering
    • Von Neumann architecture is a critical aspect of computer organization
    • Von Neumann architecture is a significant principle in computer system development
    • Von Neumann architecture is a central concept in computer architecture and design
    • Von Neumann architecture is a key element in the design and operation of computer systems
    • Von Neumann architecture is a crucial framework in computer engineering