UTS

• Socrates - father of western philosophy
• Socrates is known through the writings of his students Plato and Xenophone and the plays of Aristophanes
• Socrates method - logical process of using questions and answers to explore a subject
• Socrates believed that man has to look at himself to understand his long standing mission to "know thyself"
• Socrates - "An unexamined life is not worth living"
• Socrates insisted that death is not the end of existence
• Plato - he is a dualist
• Plato believed that the soul exists before birth and after death (reincarnation)
• According to Plato, human soul/psyche is divided in 3 parts; Rational, appetitive, and spirited soul
• Aristotle - Greek Philosopher, believed that soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities
• Aristotle is interested in compounds that are alive (plants & animals)
• Aristotle introduces 3 kinds of soul

  1. Vegetative
  2. Sentient
  3. Rational
• Augustine - known as Augustine of Hippo, a bishop of Hippo Regus in Northern Africa
• Augustine believed that man is bifurcate (divided into two branches) in nature physical body and soul
• Augustine believed that the goal of each person is to be with God again someday and achieve divinity
• Augustine emphasized the importance of "free will", the ability to choose between good and evil
• Rene Descartes - french philosopher, founder of modern philosophy
• Rene Descartes conceived that human person as having a body and mind
• Rene Descartes - "I think, therefore I am"
• Cogito - the thing that thinks (mind)
• Extenza of the mind (body)
• John Locke - British Philosopher and physician
• John Locke - personality is a matter of psychological continuity (the ability to remember past thoughts and actions as our own
• John Locke - described personal identity as the cumulation of consciousness
• John Locke - revolutionary theory "the mind is a tabula rasa a blank state on which experience writes
• David Humei - Scottish philosopher
• David Hume - is an empiricist, he believes that no one can know only through the senses and experiences
• According to David Humei, the self is an illusion there is no actual self
• Immanuel Kant - one of the most influential philosophers in the western philosophy
• Immanuel Kant believed that there is self and that self is a product of reasoning (consciousness is there)
• Sigmund Freud - Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis
• According to Immanuel Kant, we both have an inner and outer self which unify to give us consciousness
• Inner self - comprised of our psychological state and our rational intellect
• Outer self - includes our sense and the physical world
• Immanuel Kant argued that apperception occurs in the inner self, how we mentally assimilate new ideas into old ones
• Sigmund Freud - it is the unconscious self that holds the greatest fascination, and which has the dominant influence in our personalities
• Sigmund Freud three hypothetical parts of personality

  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
• Freudian stages of psychosexual development

  • Oral
  • Anal
  • Phallic
  • Latency
  • Genital
• Evidence of unconscious functioning (Sigmund Freud)

  1. Slip of tongue (parapraxis)
  2. Dreams
  3. Neurosis
• Gilbert Ryle - British Philosopher who was known for his critique of Cartesian dualism