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• Blood type determination

  • Determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells
  • Antigens help differentiate between own cells and foreign ones
  • Body creates antibodies against foreign antigens
• Blood typing


  • Determines a person’s blood type
  • Essential for blood transfusion or blood donation
  • Importance of knowing your blood group
  • Incompatible blood types can trigger dangerous immune responses
• Antibody creation

  Body creates antibodies against antigens not present in the blood
• ABO blood typing system categories


  • Type A has A antigen
  • Type B has B antigen
  • Type AB has both A and B antigens
  • Type O has neither A nor B antigens
• Donations

  • Type O individuals can donate to anyone but receive only from type O individuals
  • Type A individuals can donate to type A and AB individuals, receive from type A and O individuals
  • Type B individuals can donate to type B and AB individuals, receive from type B and O individuals
  • Type AB individuals can donate to type AB individuals, receive from any blood type
• Rh factor

  • Rh-positive individuals have Rh antigens on red blood cells and can receive Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood
  • Rh-negative individuals do not have Rh antigens and can only receive Rh-negative blood
• ABO and Rh grouping systems


  • Eight possible blood types: O-positive, O-negative, A-positive, A-negative, B-positive, B-negative, AB-positive, AB-negative
  • Type O-negative considered a universal donor, but may cause serious reactions in some cases
• Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types in 1901, making blood transfusions safer and less risky, leading to a Nobel Prize
• Discovery of blood typing by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 made blood transfusions safer and less risky