Carbohydrates

• what is it made up of?


  C,H,O

  O and H in ratio of 2:1
• Monomers of carbs

  Monosaccharides
• monosaccharides characteristics


  3-7 carbon atoms arranged in a ring

  white and crystalline

  sweet to taste

  soluble in water
• hexoses 


  Glucose

  galactose

  fructose
• Pentoses

  Deoxyribose

  ribose
• What is a disaccharides

  Two monosaccharides joined together by an glycosidic bond
• Types of disaccharides

  Sucrose - fructose and glucose

  (table sugar)

  maltose - glucose and glucose

  (malt sugar)

  lactose - galactose and glucose

  (milk sugar)
• Hydrolysis

  Breaking down of a disaccharide into monosaccharide by breaking its glycosidic bond and adding water
• dehydration synthesis 


  When two monosaccharides join to form a disaccharides forming a glycosidic bond by removing water
• What is a polysaccharide

  Large complex molecule made of of 1000’s of glucose molecules in a chain

  mosly insoluble in water

  energy rich molecules

  storage of sugars
• Plant polysaccharides


  amylose

  • bland tasting white powder
  • plant starch

  cellulose

  • fibrous molecule that forms plant cell walls
  • indigestible to humans but plays a role in peristalsis
• Animal polysaccharides

  Chitin

  • forms the exoskeleton of insects and the cell wall of fungi

  glycogen

  • carb reserve found in the liver and muscles of animals and converted into glucose when needed
• Biological importance of carb

  • Source of energy - carbs are readily broken down by living organisms to release energy
  • energy storage -substrates of energy production, starch and glycogen are storage polysaccharides and act as a store of energy in living organisms
  • structural function - cellulose is found in plant cell wallas and helps give plants strength
• what is a carbohydrate

  organic compounds that have a varity of jobs such as energy storage, energy source and have structural importance in plants and animals