MicroPara (PreLim)

• Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that lack membrane-bound organelles.
• Viruses are nonliving particles composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat, with some viruses having an envelope.
• Viruses are nonliving particles composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat, which can infect living cells to reproduce themselves.
• Fungi are eukaryotes with cell walls made up of chitin or glucan polymers.
• Fungi have cell walls made up of chitin or glucan polymers, while bacteria do not have cell walls.
• They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
• Microparasites can replicate quickly and spread from person to person, causing outbreaks of disease.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that lack membrane-bound organelles.
• Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat, with some viruses having an envelope.
• Protists include protozoa, algae, slime molds, water molds, and fungi.
• Fungi have cell walls made up of chitin or glucan polymers, while plants have cellulose as the main component of their cell wall.
• Fungi have cell walls made up of chitin or glucan polymers.
• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes found in soil, water, and the human body.
• Algae are photosynthetic protists that can be single-celled or multicellular.
• Protists are eukaryotes that include protozoa, algae, slime molds, water molds, and fungi.
• Protoctista is the kingdom containing protists.
• 2008

  • Characteristics of Fungi
  • Medically Important Phyla of Fungi
  • Fungal Diseases
  • Economic Effects of Fungi
  • Lichens
  • Characteristics of Algae
  • Selected Phyla of Algae
  • Roles of Algae in Nature
  • Characteristics of Protozoa
  • Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa
  • Characteristics of Helminths
  • Platyhelminths
  • Nematodes
  • Arthropods as Vectors
• The Fungi:

  • Eukaryotic
  • Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
  • Chemoheterotrophic
  • Mostly decomposers
  • Mycology is the study of fungi
  • Over 100,000 species
  • Approximately 200 are pathogenic to humans/animals
• Filamentous fungi:

  • Mostly aerobic
  • Hyphae: cellular filaments
  • Vegetative hyphae obtain nutrients
  • Aerial hyphae responsible for reproduction
  • The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium
• Reproduction of fungi:

  • Fragmentation of hyphae (asexual)
  • Production of spores (sexual or asexual)
  • Asexual spores are genetically identical to parent
  • Sexual spores result from fusion of two nuclei of opposite mating strains
• Nonfilamentous, Unicellular fungi:

  • Reproduce by budding or fission
  • Capable of facultative anaerobic growth
  • Ferment carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide
• Fungi can thrive where many bacteria can't:

  • Good growth at pH 5
  • Tolerant of high osmotic pressure
  • Grow in the presence of low moisture
  • Metabolize complex carbohydrates that most bacteria cannot
• Mycoses are typically serious in immunocompromised individuals
• Types of fungal spores:

  • Sporangiosphore
  • Conidiospore
  • Arthrospore
  • Blastoconidium
  • Chlamydospore
• Fungal sexual spores:

  • Zygospore
  • Ascospore
  • Basidiospore
• Types of fungal spores:

  • Sporangiosphore
  • Conidiospore
  • Arthrospore
  • Blastoconidium
  • Chlamydospore
• Conjugation fungi:

  • Saprophytic molds with coenocytic hyphae
  • Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
• Sac fungi:

  • Include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts
  • Produce ascospores and frequently conidiospores
• Club fungi:

  • Septate hyphae
  • Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores
• Mutualistic combination of an alga & fungus:

  • Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates, fungus provides holdfast
• The Algae:

  • Eukaryotic
  • Photoautotrophs
  • Mostly aquatic
  • Composed of a thallus with branched holdfasts, stipes, and blades
• Brown algae (kelp):

  • Macroscopic
  • Cellulose + alginic acid cell walls
  • Store carbohydrates
  • Produce algin used in various products
• Red algae:

  • Red pigments allow growth in deep ocean parts
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Most multicellular
• Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients from other organisms through absorption or digestion.
• Red algae characteristics:

  • Red pigments allow growth in the deepest parts of the ocean
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Most are multicellular
  • Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins
  • Store glucose polymer
  • Harvested for agar and carrageenan
  • Produces agar (thickener used in microbiology media)
  • Some produce a lethal toxin
• Green algae characteristics:

  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular
  • Contains chlorophyll a and b
  • Stores glucose polymer
  • Similar to plants
  • Found in grass scum in ponds
• Algae are photosynthetic protists that range from single-celled to multicellular forms.
• Diatoms characteristics:

  • Cell walls of Pectin and silica cell walls
  • Unicellular
  • Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls
  • Store oil
  • Fossilized diatoms formed oil
  • Produce domoic acid
• Dinoflagellates (plankton) characteristics:

  • Cellulose in plasma membrane
  • Unicellular
  • Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins
  • Store starch
  • Some are symbionts in marine animals
  • Responsible for red tide and some neurotoxins like paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that may be motile or sessile.