Applications of RDNA

• In 1972, scientists Paul Berg, Herbert Boyer, Annie Chang, and Stanley Cohen created the first recombinant DNA molecules, marking a new era in molecular biology
• Recombinant DNA, often shortened to rDNA, is an artificially made DNA strand formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences
• Recombinant DNA has paved the way for advancements in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture, allowing for the development of genetically modified organisms, gene therapy, and other applications
• Recombinant DNA is used in the food industry to improve food quality, safety, and nutritional value, and in agriculture to modify crops for improved yield, quality, and resistance to pests and diseases
• Recombinant DNA technology has applications in bioremediation, where genetically modified microorganisms break down pollutants in the environment, aiding in cleaning up contaminated areas
• Recombinant DNA in medicine and research has enabled genetic engineering of organisms for research purposes and the sequencing and analysis of the human genome, leading to the discovery of new genes and disease-causing genetic mutations
• In biotechnology, recombinant DNA is used to produce recombinant proteins, including antibodies, which can be engineered to recognize specific targets like cancer cells and produced in large quantities for research and treatment purposes
• a groundbreaking milestone in genetic engineering

  was achieved when scientists Paul Berg, Herbert Boyer, Annie

  Chang, and Stanley Cohen
• Berg and his colleagues used clever techniques to cut and paste DNA from one organism into the DNA of another.
• By breaking down complex scientific barriers, these pioneers laid the foundation for countless advancements in biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture
• Their work paved the way for the development of genetically modified organisms, gene therapy
• Recombinant DNA, which is often shortened to rDNA, is an artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences.
• This new combination may or may not occur naturally, but is engineered specifically for a purpose to be used in one of the many applications of recombinant DNA.
• GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA PRIOR KNOWLEDGE : • CLONE/CLONING • PLASMID • BIOTECHNOLOGY • PCR AMPLIFICATION • DETECTION • MODIFIED TRAITS • HUMAN GENOME • GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMO)
• CLONE/CLONING It is a group of cells, organisms that is produced asexually from and is genetically identical to a single ancestor.
• Dolly is the first clone in 1997
• Remove the nucleus of a donor egg
• Replace it with the nucleus of a desired organism
• Implant in a surrogate mother
• PLASMID It is a small, extra chromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosal DNA that can replicate independently.
• BIOTECHNOLOGY It is the branch applied science that utilize living organisms and their derivatives in order to produce products and processes.
• PCR AMPLIFICATION It is the selective amplifications DNA and RNA targets using polymerase chain reaction. PCR is a very sensitive technique that allows rapid amplification of a specific segment of DNA.
• DETECTION It is an act of detecting, discovering the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or what lends to elude observations.
• MODIFIED TRAITS It is an organism whose DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favor the expression of the desired production and desired biological products.
• HUMAN GENOME • It is the genome of Homo Sapiens. • The complete set of DNA in an organism. The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.
• The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
• These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome.
• GENETIC MODIFIED ORGANISM It is an organism whose genome has been altered by the techniques of genetic engineering so that it's DNA contains one or more genes not normally found there.
• APPLICATION AREAS OF

  RECOMBINANT DNA

  • FOOD INDUSTRY

  • AGRICULTURE

  • ENVIRONMENTAL USE

  • MEDICINE

  • RESEARCH

  • BIOTECHNOLOGY
• RECOMBINANT DNA IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Recombinant DNA is an important tool used in the food industry to improve the quality, safety, and nutritional value of food. It plays a crucial role in the production of genetically modified (GM) food, as rDNA technology allows scientists to insert, delete or modify specific genes in an organism’s DNA in a precise and controlled manner.
• Recombinant DNA is also used to produce food additives and enzymes for the production of various food products. For example, the production of cheese and other dairy products can be improved through the use of recombinant DNA technology to produce enzymes that aid in the cheese-making process.
• Golden Rice: Golden Rice is a genetically modified rice variety that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. This trait helps address vitamin A deficiency, which is a major health issue in developing countries. Flavr Savr tomato: The Flavr Savr tomato was the first commercially available genetically modified food. It was engineered to have a longer shelf life by reducing the activity of a gene that causes tomatoes to ripen and soften.
• THE USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA IN AGRICULTURE Recombinant DNA is useful in agriculture because it allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of crops to improve their yield, quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. GM crops have been developed to tolerate environmental stresses, such as drought or high salinity, which can reduce crop yields. They can also require fewer pesticide applications, which can reduce environmental damage and lower production costs.
• ADVANTAGES THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH RDNA I NAGRICULTURE INCLUDE: • Improved crop yield • Pest resistance • Herbicide tolerance
• Overall, recombinant DNA technology has contributed to increased food production and improved agricultural sustainability.
• ENVIRONMENTAL USE OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Recombinant DNA has several applications in the environment. Huge potential of recombinant DNA technology is seen in bioremediation. This involves the use of microorganisms that are genetically modified to break down pollutants in the environment, such as oil spills and industrial waste. These microorganisms produce enzymes that break down the pollutants, which helps to clean up contaminated areas.
• Another application of recombinant DNA in the environment is the genetic modification of plants. Scientists can modify plants to improve their ability to withstand environmental stresses, such as drought, salt, and extreme temperatures. This can help to increase crop yields and reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers.
• RECOMBINANT DNA IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH Recombinant DNA has revolutionized medicine and research in many ways. For instance, it has enabled genetic engineering of various organisms for research purposes. Furthermore, recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to sequence and analyze the human genome, leading to the discovery of new genes and the identification of genetic mutations that cause disease.
• RECOMBINANT DNA IN MEDICINE AND RESEARCH This has greatly advanced our understanding of genetics and provided new targets for drug development. One large field of application for recombinant DNA, related to medicine and research, is biotechnology – as shall be illustrated in the following chapter.
• APPLICATION OF RDNA IN BIOTECHNOLOGY rDNA is a key tool in biotechnology, which involves the use of living organisms or their components to develop useful products and processes. One of the main applications of recombinant DNA in biotechnology is the production of recombinant proteins, including recombinant antibodies