LESSON 2: CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE

• TAXON


  is a group or "level" of classification.

  classify organism
• TAXON


  that share similar characteristics, behavior, morphology
• TAXON


  from the word Taxonomy
• Hierarchical:


  broad divisions are divided up into smaller divisions:
• -Kingdom (Not used by most bacteriologists)

  -Phylum

  -Class

  -Order

  -Family

  -Genus (plural: Genera)

  -Species (Both singular & plural)


  the hierarchical divisions
• TAXONOMIC KEY


  used to identify certain organisms.
• SPECIES


  In microbiology, a collection of microbial strains that share many properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains.
• SPECIES


  identified by comparison with known "type strains" (well-characterized pure cultures used as references for the identification of unknowns)
• Species


  collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly.
• Strain or Variety


  culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars).
• biovars


  referring to the organic type of classification
• morphovars


  classification of variety that looks into the morphology (external features of the organism)
• Type


  subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).
• Binomial nomenclature


  genus and species name (also known as scientific name)
• Escherichia coli


  Escherichia is the genus, and coli is the species.
• Homo sapiens


  the genus Homo means "man" and the species sapiens means "wise".
• CLASSIFICATION

  -morphology

  -differential staining

  -biochemical tests

  -serology

  -genetic tests


  what are the classifications of the organisms
• Morphology


  shape, size, color, and other external features of the organism.
• Gram+ or Gram

  Differential staining
• Gram (+)


  bluish or purple
• Gram (-)


  pinkish or red
• Biochemical tests


  similar to taxonomic key
• Serology


  study of serum
• Genetic tests


  related to mutation and adaptation.
• Genetic tests


  looking at the changes in the genes that adapt to the changes in environmental conditions.
• Genetic tests


  some organisms need to mutate to survive
• BIOCHEMICAL TEST


  Use of metabolic characteristics to identify selected genera of bacteria.
• BIOCHEMICAL TEST


  give us an idea what specific reaction happens when the organism is exposed to a chemical
• THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

  -Archaea

  -Bacteria

  -eukarya


  what are the three domain systems
• Archaea


  it has no peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Archaea

  what domain system are the following organisms:

  
  

  -Methanogens

  -halophiles

  -hyperthermophiles
• Bacteria


  prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Bacteria

  what domain system are the following organisms:

  
  

  -Pathogenic bacteria

  -Cyanobacteria and other nonpathogens
• Eukarya


  these are eukaryotes
• Eukarya


  what domain system are the following organisms:

  
  

  -Fungi , algae, protozoans

  -Plants and animals
• Peptidoglycan


  major component of cell wall that protects the internal structures.
• Phylum Crenarchaeota and Phylum Euryarchaeota


  Archaea is divided into two phyla:
• Phylum Crenarchaeota


  Originally containing thermophylic and hyperthermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaea.
• Phylum Euryarchaeota


  Contains primarily methanogenic archaea, halophilic archaea, and thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaea.
• SELECTED BACTERIA PHYLA - GRAM-NEGATIVE

  
  

  -Proteobacteria

  -Chlamidiae

  -Spirochaetes

  -Bacteroidetes

  -Cyanobacteria


  What are the selected bacteria phyla gram negative