uro P4

Cards (38)

  • Calcium homeostasis:
    • 1g (25 mol) of Ca2+ in bones; 1g in extracellular fluid
    • Intracellular calcium concentration (CaIC) = 10-4mmol/l as Ca2+ is in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
    • Plasma calcium = 2.4 mmol/l
    • Total calcium in blood = Ca-albumin + ultrafiltrable calcium (free calcium + complexed calcium)
    • Calcium levels depend on pH: increased if pH is low
  • Digestive absorption of Ca2+:
    • Dietary intake: 1g
    • Digestive absorption: 20-30%
    • In the proximal intestine (ileum): through paracellular and transcellular pathways
    • Transcellular pathway regulated by calcitriol and estrogens
    • Calcium enters via TRPV6, transported by calbindins, and secreted by Ca2+ATPase and Ca2+/Na+ antiport
    • Digestive secretion: 800 mg/day
  • Renal behavior of Ca2+:
    • Filtered calcium = 250 mmol/day, excreted = 4-5 mmol/day => Fractional excretion = 2%
    • Reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 60%: paracellular pathway
    • Thick ascending limb of Henle (BAHL) 20%: paracellular pathway regulated by CaSR
    • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 10%: through TRPV5 channel + calbindins, regulated by PTH, calcitriol, CaSR
  • Regulation mechanisms of Ca2+:
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
    • Half-life of 15 min
    • Regulated by plasma Ca2+ concentration binding to CaSR of parathyroid cells
    • Acts on PCT, decreasing Pi reabsorption and stimulating 1 𝛂 hydroxylase synthesis
    • Acts on DCT, increasing Ca2+ reabsorption
    • Acts on osteoblasts, with rapid effect on Ca2+ release and delayed effect on resorption
    • At low doses, PTH has an osteoformative effect by acting on osteoblasts
  • Calcitriol:
    • Derived from diet and cholesterol transformation
    • Half-life of 10h
    • Acts on the digestive tract, increasing calbindins synthesis for Ca2+ reabsorption
    • Acts on bone tissue, influencing osteoclasts and osteoblasts for bone remodeling
    • Renal action: stimulates reabsorption by calbindins synthesis in DCT
  • CaSR:
    • Present in parathyroid cells, osteoblasts, renal tubular cells (especially in BAHL)
    • Increased calcium levels lead to occupied CaSR, resulting in tubular secretion of Ca2+
  • Other determinants:
    • Calcitonin: hypocalcemic hormone
    • PTHrp: similar action to PTH
  • Tubular reabsorption of calcium in the thick ascending limb (TAL) and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT):
    • TAL: calcium reabsorbed through the paracellular pathway, driven by the transepithelial potential difference
    • DCT: calcium reabsorbed through the transcellular pathway, driven by the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) and the calcium pump (PMCA)
    • Regulation of calcium reabsorption in TAL and DCT by hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D
  • Factors related to calcium homeostasis:
    • Calcium concentration in intracellular fluid (IC) is 10-4mmol/l due to presence in mitochondria and RE
    • Plasma calcium = 2.4 mmol/l
    • Total calcium in blood = Ca-albumin + ultrafiltrable Ca (free Ca + complexed Ca)
    • Calcium levels depend on pH, increased if pH is low
  • Digestive absorption of Ca2+:
    • Dietary intake: 1g
    • Digestive absorption: 20-30%, regulated by calcitriol and estrogens
    • Calcium enters via TRPV6, transported by calbindins, and secreted by Ca2+ATPase and antiport Ca2+/Na+
  • Bone behavior of Ca2+:
    • No net transfer: 7 mmol/day
    • Regulation systems:
    • Osteoformation: CaSR and E2
    • Osteoresorption: PTH and calcitriol
  • Renal behavior of Ca2+:
    • Filtered Ca2+ = 250 mmol/day, excreted = 4-5 mmol/day, Fractional excretion = 2%
    • Reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule (TCP) 60%: paracellular pathway
    • Thick ascending limb of Henle (BAHL) 20%: paracellular pathway regulated by CaSR
    • Distal convoluted tubule (TCD) 10%: regulated by PTH, calcitriol, CaSR
  • Regulation mechanisms of Ca2+:
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
    • Half-life of 15 min
    • Regulated by plasma Ca2+ concentration binding to CaSR of parathyroid cells
    • Acts on TCP, TCD, and osteoblasts
  • Calcitriol:
    • Derived from diet and cholesterol transformation
    • Half-life of 10h
    • Actions on the digestive tract, bone tissue, and renal system
  • CaSR:
    • Present in parathyroid cells, osteoblasts, renal tubular cells (BAHL ++)
    • Responds to increased Ca2+ levels by promoting tubular secretion of Ca2+
  • Other determinants:
    • Calcitonin: hypocalcemic
    • PTHrp: similar action to PTH
  • La rĂ©gulation de l'homĂ©ostasie du phosphate :
    • 700g de P dans l’organisme (1% du poids du corps) : 1% EC, 90% squelette, 9% tissus mous
    • Phosphate intracellulaire (P IC) = 80 mmol/l dont 5 mmol/l de Pi
    • Phosphate plasmatique = 3,9 mmol/l dont 1 mmol/l de Pi (varie de 0,77 Ă  1,45)
    • 90% du phosphate est ultrafiltrable
  • Absorption digestive du phosphore :
    • Apport alimentaire : 800-2000 mg/j
    • Absorption intestinale : 65% (jĂ©junum +++)
    • 90% du PO4 est ultrafiltrable
    • MĂ©canismes d'absorption : passif (voie principale paracellulaire lors apports normaux) et actif saturable (contre gradient Ă©lectrochimique, couplĂ© Ă  rĂ©absorption de Na+, NaPi2b)
  • Comportement rĂ©nal du phosphore :
    • FiltrĂ© : 180 mmol/j
    • 80-90% est rĂ©absorbĂ© dans TCP => 10% excrĂ©tĂ© dans les urines
    • RĂ©gulation par apports alimentaires, FGF23, PTH et calcitriol
  • Le rĂ´le de FGF23 dans la rĂ©gulation de l'homĂ©ostasie du phosphate
  • RĂ©gulation de la phosphatĂ©mie :
    • Apport alimentaire : restriction alimentaire en PO4 => Surexpression de Na
  • RĂ©gulation de la phosphatĂ©mie :
    • Apport alimentaire : restriction alimentaire en PO4 => Surexpression de NaPi2a => disparition des PO4 des urines
    • FGF23 : synthèse par les ostĂ©ocytes en rĂ©ponse Ă  Ă©lĂ©vation de la phosphatĂ©mie ou du calcitriol. RĂ©cepteurs de FGF23 au niveau des reins et des parathyroĂŻdes
  • Physiologie rĂ©nale - Chapitre 6 : Compartiments Liquidiens:
    • Eau reprĂ©sente 60% du poids corporel
    • Eau extracellulaire (EC) = 20% et Eau intracellulaire (IC) = 40%
    • Plasma comporte 7% de protĂ©ines et 93% d'eau
    • Liquide interstitiel a plus de Cl- et de HCO3- que le plasma
    • Eau IC contient K+, Mg2+, P et protĂ©ines
    • Stock d'osmoles IC est constant
  • MĂ©thode de dilution:
    • Formule: V = (Q-E)/C
    • DiffĂ©rents marqueurs utilisĂ©s
    • Autres techniques de mesure des compartiments: absorptiomĂ©trie et impĂ©dancemĂ©trie
  • Dans les reins :
    • Diminution de NaPi2a => fuite rĂ©nale de P
    • Inhibition de la 1-alpha-hydroxylase => diminution de la synthèse de calcitriol
  • Diffusion et osmose:
    • 1 mosm = 17 mmHg
    • OsmolalitĂ© = concentration en osmoles/kg d'eau
    • OsmolaritĂ© = concentration en osmoles/l
    • 1 osmole/kg d'eau abaisse le point de congĂ©lation de -1,86°C
  • PTH : Diminution de NaPi2a (via la voie PKA et PKC) => augmentation de l’excrĂ©tion urinaire de P
  • Cas du plasma:
    • OsmolalitĂ© du plasma = 300 mosm/kg d'eau (-0,55°C) = osmolalitĂ© de 0,16 M de NaCl
    • Solution isoosmolaire a la mĂŞme osmolaritĂ© que le plasma
    • Isotonique = mĂŞme comportement que le plasma vis-Ă -vis des membranes cellulaires
    • OsmolalitĂ© totale = osmolalitĂ© mesurĂ©e = 300 mosmol/l
    • OsmolalitĂ© efficace = 290 mosm/kg d'eau = (Na+K)x2
  • Calcitriol :
    • Augmentation de l’absorption intestinale (surexpression de NaPi2b)
    • Augmentation de la rĂ©absorption tubulaire de PO4 (surexpression de NaPi2a)
  • Distribution de l'eau entre les diffĂ©rents secteurs:
    • La rĂ©gulation du volume EC est sous la dĂ©pendance du bilan du sodium
    • Ĺ’dèmes traduisent un excès de la quantitĂ© de sodium Ă©changeable
  • Tableau montrant la relation entre les niveaux de sodium et les termes mĂ©dicaux utilisĂ©s pour les dĂ©crire
  • HypophosphatĂ©mie quand la concentration plasmatique est < 0,85 mmol/l
  • Diagramme de la filtration et de la rĂ©absorption de l'eau et des Ă©lectrolytes dans le rein
  • Un excès d'eau sans variation du bilan sodium n'est JAMAIS Ă  l'origine d'Ĺ“dèmes
  • La volĂ©mie intervient sur la pression artĂ©rielle en modifiant le retour veineux et le dĂ©bit cardiaque, susceptibles d'induire une augmentation de la pression artĂ©rielle
  • La pression artĂ©rielle modifie la pression de perfusion rĂ©nale et donc les capacitĂ©s d'excrĂ©tion du sodium : une augmentation de la pression artĂ©rielle entraĂ®ne une augmentation de la natriurèse
  • Les maladies Ĺ“dĂ©mateuses ont 2 origines : altĂ©ration de l'hĂ©modynamique capillaire et altĂ©ration de l'excrĂ©tion sodĂ©e rĂ©nale
  • Principales causes d'Ĺ“dèmes systĂ©miques : maladies glomĂ©rulaires rĂ©nales, insuffisance cardiaque droite, cirrhose