C2 Evolution

• general intellectual climate of our culture

  zeitgeist
• dichotomous thinking

  physiological or psychological

  inherited or learned
• argued that the universe is composed of 2 elements: physical and mind

  rene descartes
• descartes' philosophy, human brain and mind are separate entities

  cartesian dualism
• study of animal behavior

  ethology
• occur in all like members of a species

  instinctive behaviors
• assumption that some aspects of human psychological functioning are so complex that they could not possibly be product of physical brain

  physiological or psychological thinking
• deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body

  asomatognosia
• reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated

  mark twain
• theory of evolution

  on the origin of species by charles darwin
• single most influential theory in the biological sciences

  theory of evolution
• members of each species vary greatly in their structure, physiology and behavior

  natural selection
• when repeated for generation after generation leads to the evolution of species that are better adapted to surviving and reproducing

  natural selection
• ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation

  fitness
• males of many species through combative encounters with other males

  hierarchy of social dominance
• male approaches the female and signals his interest

  courtship
• group of organisms reproductively isolated from other organisms

  species
• members of the same species

  conspecifics
• complex multicellular water dwelling organisms first appeared on earth about 800 million years ago

  evolution of vertebrates
• animals with dorsal nerve cords

  chordates
• called as spinal bones

  vertebrae
• chordates which possess vertebrae

  vertebrates
• first vertebrates

  primitive bony fishes
• in their larval form, they must live in water

  amphibians
• evolved from a branch of amphibians

  reptiles
• Primates of the same group that includes humans are known as hominins

  Emergence of human kind
• known as primates of the same group that includes humans

  hominins
• thought to be composed of at least 8 speciesand 7 now extinct

  homo
• one of those extinct homo species

  neanderthals
• 3 important hominin fossil that was enlightening

  australopithecus girl in ethiopia

  fossils in indonesian island of flores

  australopithecine fossils in south africa
• evolved about 4 million years ago in africa

  australopithecine
• roamed the african planes for 2 million years ago

  australopithecus
• about 1.3 meters, had small brains and analysis of their pelvis and leg bones indicate that their posture was upright

  australopithecines
• species who evolved from australopithecus about 2 to 2.8 million years ago

  first homo species
• size of their brain cavity was larger than that of australopithecus but smaller than of modern humans

  early homo species
• big 3 human attributes

  large brain, upright posture, free hands with opposable thumb
• 9 commonly misunderstood points about evolution

  evolution does not proceed in single line

  have little reason to claim evolutionary supremacy

  does not always proceed slowly and gradually

  few products of evolution have survived to the present

  does not progrees to preordained perfection

  not all existing behaviors or structures are adaptive

  not all existing adaptive characteristics evolved to perform their current functions

  similarities among species do not necessarily mean that the species have common evolutionary origins

  considerable evidence that homo sapiens mated with other homo species
• incidental nonadaptive evolutionary by-products

  spandrels
• evolved from one function and later co-opted to serve another

  exaptations
• evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands

  convergent evolution