Geography- natural hazards

• What are the types of natural hazards?

  atmospheric

  Hydrological

  Geological
• What is an atmospheric hazard?

  Begins life in atmosphere
• What is a hydrological hazard?

  Caused by water
• what is a geological hazard?

  Involving movement in the surface of the earth
• What is a hazard risk factor?

  probability of hazard happening and it’s likely impacts
• What are the hazard risk factors?

  Urbanisation

  poverty

  farming

  climate change
• Mantle

  Partially molten rock

  2900 km thick

  top part can erupt
• Crust

  Thinnest layer is 5-30 km thick

  thinner under the sea

  two types
• Outer core

  Molten iron and nickel

  4000-6000 degrees
• Inner core

  Mostly iron

  solid due to extreme pressure

  temps up to 7000 degrees
• oceanic crust

  5-10 km thick

  very dense

  destroyed by mantle when subducted

  young, created at constructive margins
• Continental crust

  25-100 Km thick

  less dense

  doesnt sink

  cant be destroyed

  no new continental
• types of plate margin

  Destructive

  constructive

  conservative
• Where does slab pull happen?

  at destructive plate margin
• Where does ridge push?


  Constructive
• What happens at constructive plate margins?

  Earthquakes and shield volcanoes
• What happens at destructive plate margins?

  Composite volcanoes and earthquakes
• What happens at conservative plate margins?

  Earthquakes
• Why do people live near areas of risk?

  minerals

  fertile soil

  geothermal energy

  tourism

  friends and family

  feels safe
• How can you manage earthquake risk?

  monitoring

  prediction (can’t predict but map previous to find at risk)

  planning, protection
• What is involved with planning?

  hazard mapping

  education

  evacuation
• How can you manage volacano risk?

  Monitoring

  prediction

  planning

  protection
• What is the epicentre

  Point in earths surface where area experiences most extreme shaking
• What is the focus

  Point within chest where earthquakes occur

  deeper focus= less strong
• What are some wealth factors that impact responses?


  Medical facilities

  construction standards

  monitoring and predicting

  resources and finances

  training

  emergency services

  corruption

  clear infrastructure
• What differs between LIC and HIC

  Ability to respond and the effects
• What are some factors not effected by wealth?

  population density

  Depth of focus

  magnitude

  plate margin

  time of day or day of week

  epicentre distance

  secondary effects eg landslides
• What is an LIC case study?

  Nepal

  date: 25th April 2015

  destructive plate margin

  magnitude: 7.8

  epicentre: 80km NW of Kathmandu
• What where the primary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

  8,841 killed

  16800 injured

  1 million homeless

  rice seed in homes ruined
• what are the secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

  Triggered Mount Everest avalanche

  tourism shrunk, 1.1 mil jobs in it

  had to live in temporary shelters (homelessnes)

  food shortage and income loss (rice seed)
• What where the immoderate responses?

  Helicopters rescued and delivered supplies to cut off villages

  temptoary shelters set up. Red Cross set up 225,000 tents

  75,000 unreachable via air due to mountain terrain. Sherpas used to hike up supplies
• What where the long term responses to Nepal earthquake?

  -Stricter building codes (homelessness)

  -2015 august repairs to Mount Everest base camp and trekking routes

  -UN trained individuals on how to maintain irrigation channels damaged by landslides allowed increase production and grow season extended
• What is an HIC case study?

  L’Aquila

  dare: 6 April 2009

  magnitude: 6.5

  depth of focus: 9.5

  destructive plate margin

  happened at 3 am during the night
• What are the primary effects of the L’Aquila earthquake?

  308 killed

  broken water pipes

  medieval buildings damaged

  buildings at uni collapsed killing several students
• What are the secondary effects if the L’Aquila earthquake?

  Landslides damaged houses

  burst water mains caused landslides ( burst water pipes)

  housing shortage causing prices to increase (medieval buildings)
• What are the immediate responses to the L’Aquila earthquake?

  Within hour, Red Cross searched for survivors

  12,000 rescue workers sent to area (broken water mains)

  40,009 tents given out to people who didn’t have hotel accommodation
• What are the long term responses to the L’Aquila earthquak?

  earth scientists used advanced lasers to find cause

  students given free public transport and discount on educational equipment and no uni fees for 3 years

  no tax until 2010 (housing inflation)