STS

• The wheel was invented in 3500 BC
• The compass was invented in 9th-11th century
• The first compass was made of lodestone
• The telephone was created in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell
• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in around 1440
• The internal combustion engine was invented in the 19th century
• Internal combustion engine converts chemical energy into mechanical work
• Rolls Royce engine is the most powerful engine in the world, it is used in the worlds fastest aircraft
• Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander fleming.
• Penicillin was mass produced in 1944
• The internet was created in 1960's. A team of computer scientists working for the US Defense Department's ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) built a communications network to connect the computers in the agency, called ARPANET, the predecessor of internet. It used a method of data transmission called "packet switching"
• Negative consequences of innovating technologies:

  • Pollution associated with production processes
  • Increased unemployment from labor-saving technologies
  • Conversion of agricultural land into urban areas
  • Addiction of new gadgets
  • Effect of overused technologies in medical industry that can cause fatal births and diseases
  • Global warming
• "The saddest aspect of life right now is

  that science gathers knowledge faster

  than society gathers wisdom.” -Isaac

  Asimov
• Cons of technology

  • Horrible weapons
  • Pollution of several sorts
  • Destruction of habitats
  • Endangerment and extinction of species
  • Deforestation
  • Ozone layer depletion
  • Acid rain
  • Information overload
  • Mental health problems
  • Obesity
  • Social isolation
  • Laziness
  • Social tensions
  • Unemployment for low skilled workers
  • Surveillance of the general public
  • Dangers from intelligent machines
• Stone Age:

  • Lasted roughly 3.4 million years
  • First to discover and use fire
  • Invented clothing in the paleolithic age, making leather from animal skins and linen from flax
  • Learned how to make pottery
  • Made tools through a process called flaking
• People from neolithic age made clothing from wool
• Bronze Age:

  • First era to create technologies by refine, smelt, and cast metal ores
  • Dikes were built to regulate water from the river and solve the annual flooding in both egypt and mesopotamia
  • Alcoholic beverages were made by fermentation
• Iron Age:

  • People in parts of Western Africa and Southwester Asia were the first to realize that the dark-silvery rocks poking out of the earth could be worked into tools and weapons, sometime around 1500 BC
  • In chemistry, methods of fermentation techniques for dyeing clothes, use and preparation of chemicals and color pigments were also known. The tools were made by smelting iron.
  • Hippocrates is the legendary name in the field of medicine. The most prominent method to diagnose illness was the examination of the pulse.
  • Pythagoras developed his famous theories in geometry
• Sumerian Civilization

  • Sumer was the southernmost region

  of ancient Mesopotamia (modern

  day Iraq and Kuwait).

  • The cradle of the world’s earliest

  known civilization and was first

  established in the region about 3600

  BC.

  • Known as the “first cities” in the

  world.

  • Transformed families into tribes

  which became cities and were later

  called the states.
• Cuneiform is the first writing

  system, developed around

  3100 BC. Pictographs and

  drawings representing

  actual things were the basis

  of cuneiform writing.
• • Sumerian clay tablet contains the

  Sumerian historical information and

  culture. It began as record keeping for

  trade and evolved for writing down laws

  and stories.

  • The concept of the wheel actually grew

  out of a mechanical device that the

  Sumerian had invented shortly after 3500

  BC – the potter’s wheel. It was a heavy

  flat disk made of hardened clay.
• The Sumerians were among the first

  astronomers, mapping the movement of

  stars, planets and the moon into sets of

  constellations, many of which were

  recognized by the ancient Greeks.

  • They built the foundation of logic,

  mathematics, engineering, architecture,

  agriculture, transportation and

  medicine.

  • Sexagesimal system of counting in units

  of 60 which served as the basis of 360

  degree circle and 60 minute hour.

  • Developed systematized technique of

  farming: seed plow and irrigation.

  •Wool from sheep made into the textiles,

  mastered the arts of bleaching and dyeing.
• Babylonian Civilization

  • Babylonia was the ancient region bordering the Tigris and

  Euphrates river (Iraq).

  • The capital is Babylon, and served as commercial and religious

  center in the Tigris-Euphrates valley.
• • Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) was the first leader of the

  Babylonian Empire, promulgating the famous law code that

  served as rule and standards which helped maintain a period of

  stability in the region.
• Nebuchadnezzar II was the Neo Babylonian Emperor who

  ordered the construction of the “hanging Gardens of Babylon”

  (one of the seven wonders of the world) and Isthar Gate.
• Egypt is situated in the northeastern part of the African continent along the Nile River, providing a fertile delta
• Egyptians learned to heat metal ore (copper, gold, and bronze) to make weapons and utensils
• Egyptians may have been the first to make glass by heating sand in a hot furnace and blowing the molten sand into glass
• The Nile River was crucial for the civilization of Egypt, transforming early nomadic animal hunters into farmland settlers
• The Egyptian calendar, based on the phases of the moon with 29 ½ days, was devised by IMHOTEP
• Egyptians wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reels, using pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics
• Egyptians' knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, surgery, and medical plants enabled them to embalm their dead
• Egyptians' interest in astronomy focused on the stars, with the calendar based on the appearance and disappearance of Sirius, predicting the annual flooding of the Nile River
• Pyramids stand as evidence of Egyptians' scientific expertise and technical skills in geometry, engineering, architecture, and labor management
• Iconic Egyptian monuments include the Giza Necropolis, the Great Sphinx, Ruins of Memphis, and the Valley of Kings
• Cretan (Minoan) Civilization

  • Located on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands such as

  Santorini, flourished on 2600 to 1400 BC. It was rediscovered in

  the 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur

  Evans.

  • “The first link in the European chain.” – Will Durant

  • They were an Aegean Bronze Age civilization, ruled by King

  Minos.

  • Capital: Knossos, the grandest site of Bronze age palaces

  • Crete is located between Turkey, Egypt and Greece.
• • Minoans were mercantile people

  engaged in overseas trade.

  • Many historians believe they were

  involved in the Bronze Age’s important

  tin trade: alloyed with copper

  apparently was from Cyprus.

  • Crete became the central exporter of

  wine, oil, jewelry, and highly crafted

  works. They become importers of raw

  materials and food.

  • They built the first major navy ship in the

  world in which its main purpose was

  trade, not war or conquest.

  Science & Technology Development
• • Minoans made carved statues, ceramics,

  frescoes, jewels, and inscriptions. These

  showed their knowledge in mathematics,

  engineering, and architecture.

  • They constructed well drainage system,

  public halls, courtyards, and religious

  shrines.

  • Minoans cities were connected with stonepaved

  roads, formed from blocks cut with

  bronze saws. Streets were with good

  drainage and sewer facilities.
• • Around 1600 BC, Akrotiri was

  shaken by a violent earthquake.

  Sometime later, the Theran eruption

  occurred – it was one of the largest

  in human history, blasting more than

  10 million tons of ash, gas and rock

  25 miles into the atmosphere.

  • Fifty years later the civilization was

  wiped out. Earthquakes and fires

  destroyed Knossos and other places.
• Impact of Online Untruths:

  • False rumors, inaccurate reporting, and conspiracy theories have been amplified by the Internet
  • Stopping creators and spreaders of untruths is crucial for reducing political polarization, building public trust, and improving societal well-being