Toxi lab m1

• toxicology


  • Branch of science that deals with poisons
• poison


  any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, either by accident or by design, to a living organism
• toxicology


  Includes the study of harmful effects caused by physical

  phenomena, such as:

  • Radiation

  • Noise
• true poisons

  • Poison that is still poisonous no matter how diluted
  • Extremely toxic
  • Can cause death
  • Example: Snake venom
• Corrosive

  • Poison that damages the area that comes in contact with
  • Usually causes burning, scalding and irritation to the contact areas
  • Example: Acids
• Irritant

  • Poison that causes irritation to the contact area
  • Usually manifested as rashes or swelling
  • Example: Poison ivy
• Neurotic

  -Poison that has direct effect in CNS

  -Example: Hallucinogens
• Carcinogen

  • Poison that stimulates growth of cancer cells
  • Example: Benzene, Asbestos, Cadmium
• teratogen

  • Poison that affects the fetus
  • Example: Thalidomide, Alcohol
• Asphyxiant

  • Poison that causes difficulty in breathing or dyspnea
  • Example: Carbon monoxide
• Lacrimator

  • Poison that stimulates the flow of tears
  • Example: Tear gas
• Sternutator

  • Poison that causes excessive sneezing
  • Example: Pollen
• Asthenic

  • Poison that produces muscular weakness
  • Example: Tubocurarine
• Narcotic

  • Poison that causes stupor, complete or incomplete insensibility or loss of feeling
  • Example: Morphine
• tetanic

  • Poison that acts directly upon the spinal cord
  • Producing spasmodic and continuous contractions of the muscles
  • Example: Strychnine
• Factors Affecting the Effect of Poisons

  Poison Related Factors

  • Physiochemical properties of the poison
  • Routes of exposure
  • Dose or concentration
  • Duration of exposure
• Factors Affecting the Effects of Poisons

  Patient Related Factors

  • Age of the victim

  • Genetic characteristics

  • Lifestyles or vices
• Physiochemical Properties of the Poison

  • Physical state
  • Solubility
  • Reactivity
• Routes of exposure

  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation
  • Injection
  • Dermal
• Extremely toxic

  <1mg
• Highly toxic

  1-50mg
• Moderately toxic

  50-500mg
• Slightly toxic

  0.5-5g
• Practically nontoxic

  5-15g
• Relatively harmless

  >15g
• Dose or Concentration

  • Extremely toxic (<1mg)
  • Highly toxic (1-50mg)
  • Moderately toxic (50-500mg)
  • Slightly toxic (0.5-5g)
  • Practically nontoxic (5-15g)
  • Relatively harmless(>15g)
• Duration of exposure

  • Acute – brief exposure less than 24 hours
  • Subacute – repeated daily exposure for 30 days
  • Sub chronic – repeated daily exposure for less than 3 months
  • Chronic – repeated daily exposure for more than 3 months
• Acute


  – brief exposure less than 24 hours
• Subacute


  – repeated daily exposure for 30 days
• Sub chronic


  repeated daily exposure for less than 3 months
• Chronic


  – repeated daily exposure for more than 3 months
• Age of Victim


  - Pediatric

  - Geriatric
• Genetic Characteristics

  G6PD deficient patients
• Lifestyle or vices

  • Smoking
  • Alcoholism
• Intoxication


  Toxicity associated with any chemical substance
• Poisoning


  Clinical poisoning secondary to ACCIDENTAL exposure
• Overdosing


  INTENTIONAL exposure with intent of causing self-injury or death
• Vital signs


  Important role in assessing and monitoring the overall status of a

  patient
• Vital signs


  Providing valuable physiologic clues to the toxicologic etiology and severity of an illness
• vital signs


  Valuable parameter with which to assess and monitor a patient’s response to supportive treatment and antidotal therapy