Sst

• Chapters


  • Nationalism in Europe
  • Nationalism in India
  • Powersharing
  • Federalism
  • Resources and Development
  • Forests and Wildlife Resources
  • Water Resources
  • Development
  • Sectors of the Indian Economy
• General questions


  • C-D
  • E-N
  • A-B
• Development


  A progress from where we are to where we want to go. It is a process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced.
• Economic development


  The sustained increase in real per capita income that promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty, unemployment and inequalities in distribution of income.
• Where an average is used for comparing situations

  • to compare the performance of the students
  • measurement of average rainfall
  • comparing the performance of cricket
• Why average income is an important criterion for development
• Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies
• Infant mortality rate


  It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live birth in that particular year.
• Literacy rate


  It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
• Net attendance ratio


  It is the total number of children of age group 14 -15 years, attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
• Life expectancy


  Life expectancy of a person denotes average number of years a person is expected to live calculated from his birth.
• Gross enrolment ratio


  It the enrolment ratio for the primary, secondary, and senior secondary school.
• Per capita income


  It is obtained by dividing the national income / total income by the population of the country.
• National income


  It is the total value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of the country in one accounting year.
• Why is per capita income calculated in dollars for all countries
• Why Kerala has a low infant mortality rate
• Human development


  It indicates that people, their wellbeing and their health is the most important aspect of development.
• Problems associated with the use of National Income as an indicator of development
• Economic growth


  a. It is measured by the increase in real national income. b. It includes only quantitative aspects. c. It is a narrow concept.
• Economic development


  a. It is measured not only by income but also concerned with achieving more equitable income distribution and poverty alleviation b. It includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects. c. It is a wider concept.
• Why do different people have different and conflicting notions of development
• Factors other than income that are important aspects of our lives

  • facilities for the family, working conditions, opportunity to learn
• How World Development Report has classified the countries
• BMI (Body Mass Index)


  To calculate BMI, the weight of the person is taken in kilograms and height is measured in meters. The weight is divided by the square of height. If the figure is less than 15 then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
• Difference between the criterion used by the UNDP and the World Bank for measuring development in different countries
• HDI (Human Development Index)

  a. Longevity – It is measured in terms of life expectancy. b. Knowledge- It is measured in terms of Gross Enrolment Ratio/ Net Attendance Ratio/Literacy Rate. c. Decent Standard of Living- It is measured by per capita income i.e. average income.
• Renewable resources


  The resources which are replaced naturally and can be used again. Examples are: oxygen, fresh water, solar energy, timber, and biomass.
• Non-renewable resources


  The resources whose stocks are fixed and which will get exhausted after years of use. They cannot be replenished. For e.g., Crude oil.
• Why average income may hide disparities
• For development, people look at a mix of goals
• Public facility


  Facility provided by the Government for the welfare of the people. It is the cheapest way to provide goods and services. It is the provided collectively.
• Why money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well
• Sustainable development


  The development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs. It is the capacity to use resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance.
• Relevance of the statement 'The earth has the resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of one person'
• Sectors of the economy

  • Primary sector
  • Secondary sector
  • Tertiary sector
• Primary sector


  • It consists of all activities related to using or exploiting the natural resources. The product of this sector is a natural product which forms the base for all other products. Indian economy is primarily an agrarian economy, i.e. majority of people are employed in the agricultural sector.
• Secondary sector


  • It is associated with different kinds of industries. It involves conversion of natural resources into manufactured goods to increase their value / usability. It creates form utility.
• Tertiary sector


  • It is also known as Service Sector since these activities generate services rather than goods. The activities of this sector help in the development of primary and secondary sectors. These activities do not produce goods but help in the production process.
• Industrial/manufacturing sector


  Sector associated with different kinds of industries
• Manufacturing


  Conversion of natural resources into manufactured goods to increase their value/usability, creating form utility