Features of science

• Features of science include:

  • Theory construction
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Empirical method
  • Paradigm
  • Replicability
  • Objectivity
  • Falsifiability
• Theory Construction

  • A theory is a set of principles that intend to explain certain behaviours or events
  • A theory can be constructed using empirical evidence gathered via research to support its central assumptions and principles as a theory cannot exist based on beliefs alone
• Hypothesis testing

  • A hypothesis is a prediction of what the researcher expects to find after conducting their research - it must be objective and measurable
  • The study is then conducted and the findings are analysed.
  • A clear decision can be made as to whether the null hypothesis can be accepted or rejected.
• If the null hypothesis can be rejected during hypothesis testing, then the theory is strengthened as it means that the IV has affected the DV (a significant result).
• The empirical method:

  • It involves using scientific methods to collect data (quantitative data only) in ways which are controlled by the researcher and which are replicable.
  • They test hypotheses using methods gained from direct observation in a systematic way.
• Lab experiments and the observational method are empirical methods.

  • Lab experiments involve controlled conditions, manipulation of an IV, a replicable procedure and produce quantitative data.
  • The observational method is based on direct observation of behaviour.
• Methods which depend on individual subjective experience could not claim to be empirical e.g. interviews and case studies which are qualitative methods in which there is no attempt of control over variables.
• Paradigms & paradigm shifts

  • A paradigm is a set of shared assumptions and methods within a particular discipline which distinguishes science from non‐science (Kuhn 1962)
  • A paradigm shift occurs when a dominant theory is replaced due to contradictory evidence.
• Psychology is viewed as a pre-science as there is not one paradigm that it uses to explain human behaviour.
• Replicability

  • Refers to the ability to repeat a study using the same method and get consistent results.
  • This increases the validity, reliability and generalisability of the findings.
  • It is only possible if the original research controls variables and standardised methods.
• Objectivity

  • Involves using scientific methods to collect data (quantitative data only) in ways which are controlled by the researcher and which are objective 
  • By doing so it is possible to obtain empirical evidence
  • For a method to be objective it must strive to keep any personal, subjective or biased features or elements out of the research process.
• Falsifiability:

  • Falsifiability is the ability of a theory to be found to be wrong (i.e. false).
  • The emphasis is placed on being able to test the theory - if the theory is true then it should withstand testing.
  • Being able to falsify a theory or study means that scientific methods can be used to test it.