Smallpox was prevented using inoculations by cutting a patients arm and soaking it in smallpox pus - often killed people.
Edward Jenner, a country doctor, realised milk maids contracted a milder form of smallpox called cowpox. Discovered that if you caught cowpox you wouldn't catch smallpox.
In 1796, he gave James Phipps cowpox and then smallpox. He didn't contract cowpox and Jenner published his findings in 1798.
The Government had a laissez-faire attitude to not get involved in people's lives.