3) Graphene and fullerenes

• Graphene is a form of carbon. It is a single layer of graphite
• The atoms are arranged in a hexagonal structure, just one atom thick.
• Graphene has some special properties.

  It is very strong, a good thermal and electrical conductor and nearly transparent.
• Carbon can also form molecules known as fullerenes, which contain different numbers of carbon atoms.
• Fullerene molecules have hollow shapes, including tubes, balls and cages.
• The first fullerene to be discovered was buckminsterfullerene, C60

  • It consists of 60 carbon atoms.
  • The atoms are joined together in a series of hexagons and pentagons.
  • It is the most symmetrical and, therefore, most stable fullerene.
• Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes with some very useful properties.
• Fullerenes can be used:

  • to deliver drugs in the body
  • in lubricants
  • as catalysts
  • for reinforcing materials, e.g. the frames of tennis rackets, so that they are strong but still lightweight.