study guide for chap 10 and 11 (history)

• Arabia - The city where Mohammed got almost all of its inhabitants to submit to Islam as their religion
• Mecca - The city where Mohammed was born
• Bedouins - Arab Nomads or Arabs who have no home
• Black Stone - a meteorite that the Arabs believed to be sacred
• Allah - the god of the Islamic people, whom Mohammed claimed to be the same God as the Jews and Christians
• Hegira - Mohammed and his followers called their flight to Mecca this
• Jihad - another word for "holy war"
• Islam - a charmed religious mode
• Muslims - followers of the religion Mohammed created called Islam
• Koran - the holy book of Islam
• Caliphs were Mohammed's successors
• Crusades were Europe's version of the "holy war"
• Battle of Tours in 732 was Europe's defeat that checked Muslim advance into western Europe
• Battle of Manzikert saw Seljuk Turks conquer Asia, leading to Christendom losing control of a major land area
• Peasants' Crusade: a group of 15,000-20,000 people, mostly farmers, were defeated by disciplined Turks
• 1st Crusade conquered a strip of land along the eastern coast
• 2nd Crusade accomplished nothing
• 3rd Crusade, led by King Richard the Lion-hearted, also known as the Crusade of Kings, accomplished little to nothing
• 4th Crusade never reached the Holy Land, as they were attacked and robbed before reaching Constantinople
• Children's Crusade: several children attempted to part the Mediterranean Sea, believing God would help them pass, but they were unsuccessful
• Important dates related to Muslims:

  • 732: Europe got defeated
  • 1054: Catholic Church officially split
  • 1071: Victory at the Battle of Manzikert
• Islamic people have to attempt to earn their way to paradise rather than accept a savior like Jesus, who is rejected as the Son of God by Islamic people and Mohammed
• If Muslims had won the holy wars, Christianity would have been wiped off the earth, while distorted Christianity would have been exposed to all of mankind
• Castles were heavily fortified dwelling places nobles built
• Moat is a protective trench of water that surrounds many castles
• Turret is another name for the castles towers that are along the castle walls
• Jousting is when two knights fought to unseat or unhorse each other
• Tournament is when two teams of knights fought a mock battle that lasted an entire day and ranged over the countryside
• Manor refers to estates belonging to the nobles
• Serfs were the farmers of the manor
• Lord is a man who owns land
• Vassal is a man who would work at the lord's land
• Homage is a ceremony between the lord and a vassal
• Act of investiture is when the lord gave the vassal some object as a symbol of the vassal's right to use the fief
• Knight is a man who fought for the king, wearing heavy armor and fighting on horseback with a variety of weapons
• Crown land refers to the king's own land kept for personal use
• Chivalry is the code of conduct for the nobility and the knights
• Page is a household servant in the service of a lord
• Squire is a person serving his lord or another knight in the lord's service
• Coat of arms is a group of emblems and figures usually displayed on a knight's armor for identification purposes