IDENTIFICATION LAS

• It is the conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without changing into a liquid.

  Sublimation
• A method of separating the components of a mixture. ○ Ex: Distilled water and

  cooking oil (with the use of

  separatory funnel).

  ● Transference of compound(s)

  from a solid or liquid into a

  different solvent or phase.

  ○ Ex: Tea bag and hot water.
• This separates a solid from a liquid using a porous material as a filter.

  ● Paper, charcoal, or sand can

  serve as a filter. These

  materials allow the liquid to

  pass through but not the

  solid.

  Filtration
• This separates a liquid from an insoluble solid sediment by carefully pouring the liquid from the solid without disturbing the solid.

  Decantation
• This is the process of heating a mixture in order to drive off, in the form of vapor, a volatile liquid, so as to make the remaining component dry.

  Evaporation
• Is the process of separating the components of a liquid mixture through selective evaporation and condensation. ● The basis of separation is the difference in the vapor pressures (volatilities) of the respective components. ● The boiling point is one of the most important criteria of purity, as it is constant in every pure organic substance at a definite pressure.

  Distillation
• Distilled water Observation W/AgNo3

  Colorless/No reaction
• Distilled water Color in Flame test

  None
• Salt water mix Observation W/AgNo3

  White precipitate
• Salt-water mix color in flame test

  Strong yellow or orange
• TYPES OF DISTILLATION: 1. Simple distillation 2. Fractional distillation 3. Steam distillation 4. Vacuum distillation 5. Air-sensitive vacuum distillation 6. Short path distillation 7. Zone distillation
• It involves heating the liquid mixture to the boiling point and immediately condensing the resulting vapors. ● This method is only effective for mixtures wherein the boiling points of the liquids are considerably different (a minimum difference of 25°C).

  Simple
• also known as RECTIFICATION.

  Fractional
• It is often used to separate mixtures of liquids that have similar boiling points. ● It involves several vaporization-condensation steps (which takes place in a fractioning column).

  Fractional
• Fractional - When heated, the liquid mixture is converted into vapors that rise into the fractioning column. The vapors now cool and condense on the walls of the condenser. The hot vapors emanating from the distilling flask now heat the condensed vapor, creating new vapors.
• It is often used to separate heat-sensitive components in a mixture.

  Steam
• It is ideal for separating mixtures of liquids with very high boiling points.

  Vacuum
• It is for compounds that are sensitive to air and readily react with it, the vacuum distillation process is carried out, but the vacuum must be replaced with an inert gas once the process is complete.

  Air- sensitive Vacuum
• it is used to purify a small quantity of a compound that is unstable at high temperatures.

  short path
• It involves the partial melting of a substance and the condensation of the resulting vapors to obtain a pure distillate.

  ● This is carried out in a long container with the help of a

  zone heater.

  Zone
• a reaction procedure that involves heating the reactants of a chemical reaction for a specific amount of time while vapors continuously condense back to liquid form.

  Reflux
• The purpose of reflux is to maximize the yield of a chemical reaction by stopping the reactants (volatile) from escaping the reaction chamber without the formation of the products.
• Colorless / Colorless with white precipitate 


  REACTION W/ BROMINE WATER
• REACTION W/ FeCl3 T.S. ( Heating under reflux)

  Violet
• REACTION W/ METHANOL

  Colorless and sweet or fruity odor
• TYPES OF LABORATORY CONDENSER: 1. Liebig condenser 2. Allihn condenser 3. Graham condenser 4. Dimroth condenser 5. Friedrichs condenser
• used to condense vapors that pass through the inner glass tube and it is cooled down with water that passes in the outer tube at the opposite direction to the hot vapors.

  LIEBIG CONDENSER:
• ALLIHN CONDENSER


  features a series of bulbs that increase the surface area available for vapor condensation.
• consists of a coiled glass tube through which the gas travels. The coil is surrounded by a jacket of water that helps to cool the gas.

  GRAHAM CONDENSER
• has an internal double spiral through which coolant flows such that the coolant inlet and outlet are both at the top. The vapors travel through the jacket from bottom to top.

  DIMROTH CONDENSER:
• It consists of an internal cold finger that is filled with coolant that has a spiral path shaped into it which the vapor phase flows onto.

  FRIEDRICHS CONDENSER:
• solid solute did not dissolve in a liquid solvent, it is termed as

  insoluble
• Smaller organic molecules often have greater solubility in solvents due to their larger surface area to-volume ratio. Additionally, the overall structure of the molecule, including branching and functional group orientation, can affect solubility
• Smaller organic molecules often have greater solubility in solvents due to their larger surface area to-volume ratio. Additionally, the overall structure of the molecule, including branching and functional group orientation, can affect solubility

  MOLECULAR SIZE AND STRUCTURE
• the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (referred to as the solute) to dissolve in solvent (usually a liquid) and form a solution.

  Solubility
• a liquid solute dissolved in a liquid solvent

  miscible
• a liquid solute did not dissolve in a liquid solvent,

  immiscible
• Why is it important to know if a chemical solution is an acidic or basic/alkaline? To identify the pH nature of the solution which is an important consideration in different laboratory practices and procedures such as in chemical handling, chemical identification, chemical separation, chemical characterization, titration, chemical preparation, etc.
• Explain the difference between precision and accuracy. ● Precision determines the reproducibility of a measurement; how closely multiple measurements agree with one another while accuracy is a measure of how closely the average value agrees with a known or accepted value.
• Volume measurements should be read at eye level. ● For clear or transparent liquids – Lower meniscus ● For colored liquids – Upper meniscus