APWH unit 6

• Imperialism is when a state (metropole) conquers territory for economic benefit. Old Imperialism was focused on the new world, direct power, and politics. New Imperialism was focused on Africa & Asia, indirect control, economic growth, and democratic societies.
• an example of indirect control is the British East Indian company
• there were four justifications of imperialism:

  1. social Darwinism: countries connected Darwin’s theory of evolution which states the survival of the fittest to how the strongest states should control the weakest
  2. pseudoscientific racism: the idea that there are multiple sub races of humankind, which gives the ability to go around natural rights (white, black, red, brown, yellow)
  3. civilizing mission: it was a good deed for Europe to conquer these countries
  4. protecting religious missions: Christianity needs protection to spread
• indirect economic control is control with conquer for an economy to force the state to follow the empire
• settler colonies in this time period were South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. These were three sparsely populated areas used to ease overpopulation
• push and pull factors: push (want to leave), pull (want to go to)
• nativism is when the “natives” are anti-immigrant
• ethnic enclave is when people of a common origin live together. For example, little italy or Chinatown
• anti-colonial movements were oppositions to imperialism in areas such as Africa and Asia. This was typically unsuccessful
• as the United States expanded westward, they took land from native tribes, such as the Cherokee nation. The US made the Indian Removal Act and forced native migration to Oklahoma through the trail of tears.
• the Great Plains is the steppes of the United States. Plains Indians were natives who lived in the great plains nomadically and hunted buffalo.
• the transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. it was used to forcefully move natives as well because they would take their territories to build the railroad. There were four companies who built the railroad.
• the Indian wars were a series of conflicts to suppress the plains Indians
• the ghost dance was a plains indians ritual that led to the wounded knee massacre
• daw’s severity act was the re-education of Native Americans to forcefully lose native culture
• three big immigrant groups to America were:

  1. the Irish: left home because of the famine and built the railroad. However, they were discriminated against due to being Catholic
  2. the Italians: fled wars in hope for security to join urban centers. They were also catholic
  3. Lebanese merchants: fled from the Middle East and wars
• American ethnic enclaves:

  1. little italy
  2. chinatown
  3. polonious (polish)
• Chinese exclusion act: 1882 - 1892 act that banned the immigration of the Chinese to the United States
• Tupac Amuru the Second rebelled against Spain in hopes of remaking the Incan Empire in Latin America.
• the Monroe doctrine was when Great Britain and the United States barred European countries from conquering more of Latin America
• the Amazonian Kubber Exchange was based in Brazil
• Cattle ranching was a major trade area in Argentina and Uruguay
• Copper was a trade good found in Chile
• guano, or bird poop, was used to make gunpowder. It came from Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. Guano caused the War of the Pacific
• the port of Buenos Aires was very beneficial to Great Britain and it was in argentina
• Italians immigrated to Argentina because they sought economic opportunities and Argentinians are Catholic, like Italians
• quinine is a drug that combatted malaria. Since Africa was very tropical and filled with deadly diseases, this medicine was important
• the Berlin conference was held in Germany and it formed a peaceful division of Africa. It stated that countries must fully occupy and area to claim it and that European powers could not fight over areas so that there would not be any wars
• the scramble for Africa was when Europe wanted to take control of as much land as possible in Africa. The British and French both wanted to build their own railroad. The French east to west and the British north to south
• the sokoto caliphate was a west African state that grew wealthy but couldn’t resist European conquest
• Liberia and Ethiopia, in west Africa, were the only states not to fall to european powers
• palm oil was found in west Africa
• samory toure was a group funded by the British to fight the french since the britsh could not do so directly
• Yaa Asentewaa was the first woman to take control of the golden stool , which led to the war of the golden stool
• the mahdi was the leader of sudan in East Africa. They resisted the British, which led to the Mahdist wars. The British won by using modern weapons.
• Indian immigrants were brought by the British to provide labor in East Africa
• The Belgian Congo was an area in central Africa taken over by king Leopold the second who wanted rubber. He made the Congo basin rubber quota which meant that the Congo had to supply a certain amount of rubber to Europe or else they will be punished
• In Southern Africa, the xhosa cattle killing movement was when the xhosa would kill all their cows in hopes of using the spirits to fight the British conquest. However, this only began a famine.
• The Zulu kingdom in South Africa came together to militarily resist the Europeans but was sadly defeated
• The Boers in South Africa was a Dutch state that controlled diamond territories that the British decided to conquer even though they weren’t supposed to. The boer wars were conquest without justification