Lesson 8: Hydrocarbon Derivatives Part 2

• Carboxylic acids can be identified by the -COOH group at the end of the chain

  Name the compounds shown below:

  1. Ethanoic acid
  2. methanoic acid
  3. benzoic acid

  
• Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to three other atoms

  
• Amines have a functional group that contains a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons

  
• Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an amine or ammonia

  
• Aldehydes are organic compounds with a double bonded oxygen atom at the end of the carbon chain, with a functional group of carbonyl (C=O)
• Carboxylic acids have a functional group of carboxyl (carbonyl + hydroxyl) and are always at the end of the chain
• Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in an esterification reaction
• • Most polar to least polar
  • Amide = amine > Carboxylic acid > alcohols > ketones = aldehydes > esters > ethers > alkanes
• The reason why other derivatives have different polarities is because of the intermolecular forces involved and strength
• amines and amides are the most polar derivatives because they contain hydrogen and nitrogen. since nitrogen is highly electronegative, it can form a hydrogen bond with other amides or amines. the more amide or amine groups, the more hydrogen bonds
• ketones and aldehydes are less polar than alcohols and phenols because they don't have any lone pairs of electrons that could be used to make hydrogen bonds. They also do not have as many hydrogen atoms available to interact with water molecules
• esters are less polar than ketones and aldehydes because they have no lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen atoms. This means that they cannot participate in hydrogen bonding interactions with water molecules
• alcohols and phenols are less polar than amines and amides because there's only one OH group per molecule. The lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom repels the electron cloud around the hydrogen atoms, making them slightly negative.
• ethers are less polar than alcohols because there aren't any oxygen-hydrogen bonds present. The only interaction between ether molecules is van der Waals interactions.
• ethers are less polar than esters because they lack the carbonyl group found in esters. As a result, there are fewer opportunities for dipole-dipole interactions between ether molecules.
• Alcohols are soluble in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
• alkanes are nonpolar because all carbon-hydrogen bonds are covalent and no dipoles exist within them
• Naming of Aldehydes

  1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the functional group as an alkane
  2. Replace the -e from the alkane name with the suffix -al
  3. Name and number any substituents. The carbonyl group is always given position #1
• Ketones are organic compounds composed of a double-bonded oxygen in the middle of the carbon chain. the functional group is carbonyl (C=O). Therefore, the carbon double-bonded to the oxygen is not bonded to a hydrogen due to its bonding capacity
• Naming of Ketones:

  1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the functional group as an alkane
  2. Replace the -e from the alkane name with the suffix -one
  3. Name any other substituents. The carbonyl group is always given the lowest possible number.
• Naming carboxylic acids:

  1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the functional group as an alkane
  2. Replace the -e from the alkane name with the suffix -oic acid
  3. Name and number any substituents. The carboxyl group is always given position #1
• The general structure of an ester is a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and one other oxygen is singly bonded to 2 carbon chains

  
• Naming esters:

  1. Identify the main part of the ester (has the C=O group) and name as the parent acid
  2. Replace -ic acid ending with the suffix -ate
  3. Name the part attached to the oxygen atom as an alkyl group
  4. Name and number any substituent groups. The ester group is always given