Chapter 2

• Psychological Development refers to an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains including emotional, social, and cognitive capacity
• Psychological Development is a lifelong gradual process that does not occur rapidly or instantaneously
• Psychological Development aspects are interconnected and dependent on one another, often developing symbiotically
• Hereditary factors are predetermined and set, including intelligence, personality, athletic capacity, hair and eye color
• Environmental factors shape individuals through experiences in life, including environment, relationships, social interactions, and geographic locations
• Genetic predisposition increases the likelihood to develop certain traits, including diseases, based on inherited genes
• John Locke believed in the impact of nurture over nature on development
• The Biopsychosocial (BPS) Model emphasizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in development
• The BPS Model theory identifies the contributions to development from biological, psychological, and social aspects
• Mental wellbeing involves an individual's current psychological state, including their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions
• The Biopsychosocial model can be applied to psychological development, encompassing emotional, cognitive, and social domains
• Attachment theory suggests that the quality of the bond between an infant and caregiver predicts emotional and social outcomes later in life
• Theory of Mind refers to an individual's ability to attribute and understand mental states, beliefs, experiences, and emotions of oneself and others
• Attachment is a long-lasting bond between two individuals, impacting emotional development significantly
• John Bowlby described attachment as a necessary component for a child's normal emotional development
• Cognitive development refers to the continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organize information from the internal and external environment
• Emotional development involves continuous, lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognize emotions appropriately

  
• Social development encompasses lifelong changes in skills that enable individuals to interact effectively and appropriately with others

  
• Social development involves learning to have conversations, communicate with colleagues, and interact effectively with others

  
• Maturation is the biologically programmed process of growth with a fixed sequence that facilitates all aspects of development as we grow
• Maturation relies on a developmental 'map' determined at conception, setting a timeline for developmental events specific to each individual
• Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to physically change shape in response to experience and learning, altering the individual's unique maturation sequence
• Critical periods are narrow developmental periods where a specific function must be learned, while Sensitive Periods are optimal for learning functions in the fastest way
• Genie's case study highlights critical and sensitive periods in language acquisition, showing the impact of neglect and isolation on development