Speech Science Final

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Cards (195)

  • Acoustics is the study of sound
  • Aerodynamics is the study of airflow
  • Physiology and Kinematics involve the study of motion
  • Dynamics focus on the forces that cause movement
  • Psychoacoustics explores the relationship between physical properties of sound and perception
  • Instrument measurement is a part of the study
  • The source and medium must have mass and elasticity
  • Fundamental Physical Quantities include:
    • Mass (m): the amount of matter something has
    • Weight is mass + gravitational pull
    • Air has mass and weight
    • Density = mass/volume
    • Affects magnitude of inertia
    • Length: the amount of spatial separation between two points
    • Time
  • Derived Physical Quantities:
    • Displacement: a change in position (both distance and direction)
    • Velocity: displacement over time
    • Acceleration: change in velocity over time
    • Force: "push" or "pull"
    • Pressure: Force per unit area
  • Physical properties of source and medium:
    • Density = mass/volume
    • Elasticity: restoring force
    • Momentum is directly proportional to mass and velocity (M=mv)
  • Newton's Laws of Motion:
    • First Law: Inertia
    • Second Law: when a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates in the same direction as the force
    • Third Law: for every action (force), there's an equal and opposite reaction
  • The Energy Principle states that energy is the capacity to do work
  • Respiration Process:
    • Involves the expansion and contraction of thoracic cavities by the diaphragm and external intercostals
    • Air flows in due to the negative pressure between the parietal and visceral pleural walls
    • Phonation process involves the cycle of vibration of vocal folds
  • resonator: something that is forced into vibration by another vibrator (sound sources)
  • Resonators modify sound and they have a natural resonant frequency
  • Mechanical resonators: object is forced into vibration
  • acoustic: the air inside an object that is forced into vibration
  • tidal volume: the total amount of air inhaled and exhaled in breath cycle
  • residual volume: amount of air remains in lungs after mass exahle
  • inspiratory volume: the volume of air that can be inhaled after tidal expiration
  • expiratory reserve volume: the amount of air that can be exhaled after tidal expiration
  • Vital capacity: the amount of air exhaled after deep inhale
  • Functional residual capacity: amount of air in lungs after normal exhalation
  • total lung capacity: amount of air lungs are capable of hold
  • Boyles law: increase in volume, less pressure (vice versa)
  • extended phonation: inspiratory muscle activation to slow exhalation for speech
  • checking action: muscular activity which prevents the recoil forces of lungs
  • control bigger breath with subglottal pressure by using more laryngeal effort and controlling respiratory airflow
  • functions of the larynx: protect, push/pull, pulmonary function
  • mucosal wave in phonation: proceeds inferior to superior cycle of VF vibration
  • Phonation process: VF adduct, expiration starts (until medial compression overcomes VF), VFs blow apart (puff of air escapes), VFs sucked back together (Bernoulli effect), the cycle repeats
  • VF vibration is affected by mass (more mass, less vibration), stiffness (higher stiffness, more vibration), length ( longer VF vibrate lower)
  • Intensity depends on Medial Compression of Vocal Folds, length of closed phase of VF, amplitude, SP created
  • VF cause resistance to airflow
  • measuring aerodynamic properties of phonation: pressure, subglottal, intraoral, airflow, transglottal
  • ohm's law: flow = air pressure/resistance
  • Acoustic of voice: intensity and F0
  • Perturbation: shimmer, jitter, and noise to harmonic ratio
  • shimmer: cycle-to-cycle variability in VF vibration in amplitude
  • Jitter: cycle-to-cycle variability in VF vibration in frequency