NEMATOCERANS

• science or study of the life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity, transmission, epidemiology, and control of parasites.

  parasitology
• an organism, which for the purpose of procuring of food and/or shelter, visits briefly or take up abode temporarily or permanently outside or inside the body of another organism (known as host) where it usually does harm.

  parasite
• Kinds of parasites

  • optional occasional parasites
  • obligate occasional parasites
  • determinate transitory parasites
  • permanent parasites
  • fixed parasites
  • erratic parasites
  • monoxenous parasites
  • heteroxenous parasites (two-host parasites, three-host parasites)
  • spurious parasites
  • ectoparasites or external parasites
  • endoparasites or internal parasites
  • facultative parasites
  • zooparasites
  • anthropoparasites
  • anthropozooparasite
  • parazoones
  • pseudoparasites
• give 5 class under phylum arthropod

  Crustacea, Insecta, Onychophora, Myriapoda, Arachnida
• give two subclass under class insecta

  Apterygota, Pterygota
• 6 orders under the subclass Pterygoda

  Orthoptera, Anoplura, Diptera, Hemiptera, Siphonaptera, Hymenoptera
• True or false. Species under order Diptera has a holometabolous life cycle

  True
• Give the orders that has hemimetabolous life cycle

  Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Phthiraptera, Hymenoptera
• 3 suborders under order Diptera

  Nematocera, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha
• 4 families under the suborder Nematocera

  Culicidae, Psychodidae, Ceratophogidae, Simuliidae
• antennae are usually longer than head and thorax; more than 8 segments

  Nematocera
• what is the feeding habit of Culex spp.?

  nocturnal
• what is the feeding habit of Aedes spp.?

  diurnal
• what is the feeding habit of Anopheles spp.?


  crepuscular
• True or false, Eggs of Anopheles and Aedes are lain on water while Culex is in moist substrates

  False
• how many days does it take for an egg of Anopheles to be a larva?

  2-3 days
• True or false, Eggs of some species may remain viable up to 3 years

  True
• how many days does a 4 larval stage (wriggler) take?

  3-20 days
• Pupal (trumpet) stage last for how many days?

  1-7 days
• adult mosquitoes normally mate within _ hrs of emergence

  24
• Male mosquitoes feed on these

  nectar and plant juices
• a reproductive strategy in which an adult female insect must eat a particular sort of meal (generally vertebrate blood) before laying eggs for her eggs to mature.

  anautogenous
• life span of female mosquitoes

  2-3 weeks
• examples of filarial helminths that mosquitoes carries

  Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis
• example of malaria parasites

  • Plasmodium gallinaceum
  • Plasmodium juxtanucleare
  • Plasmodium malaria
  • Plasmodium ovale
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
• Wuchereria bancrofti cause what disease?

  elephantiasis
• species that can be a biological transmitter of Wuchereria bancrofti

  Culex, Aedes, Anopheles sp.
• species that can be a biological transmitter of Dirofilaria immitis

  Culex, Anopheles sp.
• Dirofilaria immitis cause what disease?

  dirofilariasis or heartworm
• mosquitoes are biological transmitter of these parasites

  filarial helminths, malaria parasites, viruses, bacterial and viral diseases
• what are the viruses that mosquitoes transmits?

  Yellow fever virus, dengue virus, viral encephalitis
• These species carry the yellow fever virus and dengue virus

  Aedes aegypti
• These species carry the viral encephalitis virus

  Culex pipiens (house mosquito)
• what is the Rx for Simulium sp. bites?

  • palliative creams
  • corticosteroids
  • oral antihistamines
• bites of this species are painful and may give rise to vesicle and wart-like lesions on teats of cattle and carabao

  Simulium sp.
• what pathogen causes river blindness?

  Onchocerca volvulus
• Pupal period of Simulium sp.

  2-6 days
• Larvae of Simulium molt _ in several weeks to months

  6x
• how many days before the eggs of Simulium sp. hatch?

  running water (river)
• Simulium sp. is a vector of this disease

  river blindness