MIDTERMS

• An invasive diagnostic test is any type of medical test that requires physicians to use instrumentation to physically enter the body
• Bronchoscopy is a procedure that lets doctors look at your lungs and air passages.
• During Bronchoscopy, a thin tube “bronchoscope” is passed through your nose or mouth, down to your throat and into the lungs of the patient
• Abdominal contrast-enhanced ultrasound, also called CEUS, is an ultrasound examination that uses gas-filled microbubbles
• The patient must wear loose, comfortable clothing, or he/she might be asked to wear a patient’s gown in a CEUS
• Blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick
• blood glucose test or cholesterol test which is often grouped together into 1 test panel called Blood Panel or Blood Work
• Endoscopy is to Assesses the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body
• NON-INVASIVE• When no break in the skin is created and there is no contact with the mucosa, or skin break, or internal body cavity beyond a natural or artificial body orifice.
• Ultrasound or sonography imaging uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body.
• Guide biopsy, diagnose heart conditions and assess damage after a heart attack
• An X-ray is a common imaging test that’s been used for decades. It can help your doctor view the inside of your body without having to make an incision.
• An eye examination is a series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist
• A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles
• A claustrophobic patient (fear of closed-spaces) can use CT Scan instead of MRI BECAUSE CT Scan doesn’t have closed surroundings
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body
• SPUTUM COLLECTION • Is the mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi and trachea.
• RBC • Male: 4.5-5.3 million/mm3
• RBC • Male: 4.5-5.3 million/mm3
• Female RBC: 4.1-5.1 million/mm3
• HEMOGLOBIN • Male: 13.8-18 g/dl • Female: 12-16 g/dl
• HEMATOCRIT (Hct)• Male: 37-49%• Female: 36-46%
• MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME (MCV)→ Average size of the individual RBC→ Microcytic or macrocytic• M: 78-100 um3 (cubic micrometer)• F: 78-102 um3
• MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN (MCH)→ Amount of hemoglobin present in one cell• 25-35 pg (picograms)
• WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT (WBC)• 4,500-11,000/mm3
• DIFFERENTIAL COUNT• Neutrophils- 55-70%• Lymphocytes- 20-40%• Monocytes- 2-8%• Eosinophils- 1-4%• Basophils- 0-2%
• FASTING BLOOD SUGAR TEST. • A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. (8 hrs)
• ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. • For this test, you fast overnight, and the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours
• GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (A1C) TEST. • This blood test, which doesn't require fasting, indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months
• Random blood sugar test

  Normal is 79-160

  Pre diabetes is 160-200

  Diabetes is greater than 200
• Fasted blood sugar normal is 100

  Pre diabetes is 100 to 125

  Diabetes is 126
• Oral blood sugar test normal is 140

  Pre diabetes is 140-190

  Diabetes is greater than 200
• HbA1C normal is lower than 5.75

  Pre diabetes is 5.7-6.4

  Diabetes is greater than 6.5
• Cholesterol testing is NPO for 12 hours. Normal is 150-200
• HDL or good cholesterol normal in males is 35-65 and 35-80 in females
• LDL or bad cholesterol normal is lower than 130
• SERUM CREATININE TEST• To assess your creatinine levels if you show signs of kidney disease.
• Drugs that increase Creatinine are Cimetidine or GERD medicines, Aspirin and ibuprofen or pain medications, Cephalexin and Cefuroxime or antibiotics, and chemotherapy drugs
• Normal serum creatinine is 0.6-1.1 In females and 0.7-1.3 in males
• SERUM ALBUMIN TESTIndications:• To assess liver and kidney function• Insulin, steroids and growth hormones• may affect the results.