Cell Cycle

• Somatic cells - Cells that are not germ cells and are found in the body of an organism.
• Gametes - Sex cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells.
• Mitosis - division of the genetic material in the nucleus
• Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm
• What does the mitotic phase include?

  Mitosis and cytokinesis.
• During interphase, what stage accounts for replication of genetic material?

  S phase
• How are the the sister chromatids joined at their centromeres or often along their arms?

  Sister chromatid cohesion (cohesins)
• Asters - radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosome
• In mitosis, when is the kinetochore formed?

  Prometaphase
• What is the shortest phase of mitosis?

  Anaphase
• During mitosis, when are the remaining spindle microtubules depolymerized?

  Telophase
• Centrioles are not essential for cell diviion
• What are the microtubules that do not attach to kinetochores which elongating as mitosis progresses?

  nonkinetochore microtubules
• What enzyme cleaves the cohesins holding together the sister chromatids during anaphase?

  Separase
• What is needed for the overlap of the nonkinetochore microtubules to be reduced in order for the cell to elongate during anaphase?

  Motor proteins
• In animal cells, what is formed during cytokinesis wherein there is a small shallow groove in the cell surface near the metaphase plate?

  Cleavage furrow
• What is the component of the contractile ring in animal cells?

  Actin microfilaments
• What is formed in the cytokinesis of plant cells to the formation of a new cell wall?

  Cell plate
• What is the component of the cell plate?

  Phragmoplast
• Homologous chromosomes - two identical chromosomes that are paired during meiosis
• Diploid cell - any cell with two chromosome sets
• Haploid cell - gametes contain a single set of chromosomes
• What is the chromosome set of all zygotes?

  Diploid
• Meiosis - type of cell division that reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two in the parent cell to one in each gamete
• In the meiosis of sporophytes, what are produced?

  Haploid spores
• When haploid spores divide mitotically, what multicellular haploid stage is generated?

  Gametophyte
• When Gametophytes divide mitotically, what are produced?

  Gametes
• Where does crossing over occur in meiosis?

  Prophase I
• Chiasmata - X-shaped regions where crossovers have occured
• What part of meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

  Anaphase II
• What part do homologous pairs in meiosis separate?

  Anaphase I