Yr10 Term 1 Chem

• Atom: Smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction.
• Sub-atomic atoms: found inside of atoms, 3 types
• Electrons: negative charge, orbit around the nucleus
• Neutrons: no charge, located in the nucleus
• Protons: positive charge, located at the centre of the atom
• Isotopes: Atoms with different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons
• atoms are neutral so the number of protons and electrons is equal
• Atomic number: Number of protons
• Atomic mass: Number of protons and neutrons
• electrons are located in energy levels aka shells with the configuration of 2,8,8
• Element: a substance made out of one type of atom, that cannot be broken down into simpler substances, defined by the atomic number.
• Groups: verticle columns on the periodic table, 18 in total, each group has a different number of electrons in its outer shell
• Periods: horizontal rows on the periodic table, there are seven periods, each period contains elements with increasing atomic numbers
• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity as they hold onto electrons loosely, left hand side of the zig-zag. Form positive ions.
• Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity, are on the right hand side, and form negative ions.
• metalloids: a group of elements that have both metallic and non-metallic properties, found in the zig-zag
• Ion: atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons and is positively or negatively charged
• mono-atomic ions: one atoms that has gained or lost electrons, your regular ions.
• poly-atomic ion: two or more atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds to make an overall charge.
• Cations: positively charged ions formed when metals lose electrons.
• Anions: negatively charged ions formed when non-metals gain electrons.
• for cations just add -ion
• for anions add suffix-ide and add ion
• 3 types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic
• Ionic Bonding: occurs between oppositely charged ions (cation + anion). Electrons are exchanged
• Covalent Bonding: occurs between non-metal elements sharing electrons
• Metallic Bonding: occurs within metal lattices where positive ions are surrounded by delocalised sea of electrons
• Dissociation reactions: a chemical reaction in which an ionic compound breaks apart into it's ions. Only happens if compound is soluable.
• Dissociation equation:$AB(s)---> A^+$$(aq) +$$B^- (aq)$
• Double replacement reactions: AB(aq) + CD(aq) --> AD(s) +CB(aq)
• Double replacement: Need 2 soluble ionic compound reactants, one product is solid one is aqueous. Solid is the precipitate
• precipitate: an insoluble solid formed when two soluble ionic solutions react.
• 4 equation formats: Word, Neutral Species, Complete Ionic, Net Ionic
• Word Equations: Use full word names, no charge and no states of matter
• Neutral Species: Balanced chemical equation, uses symbols, has states of matter, and is balanced
• Complete ionic: Balanced equation with all aqueous solutions written as ions. Solids and liquids as normal.
• Net ionic: only shows what actually happened, no spectator ions
• Spectator ions: Ions that are not involved in the reaction but are present in the solution
• Covalent compounds: compounds made of two or more non metals that share electrons to become stable
• Diatomic molecules: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (Hell no Halogens)